<\/p>","seo_title":"The Vimy Memorial and Pilgrimage","seo_description":"The First World War had been an entirely new kind of war, and that called for a new kind of commemoration.","modules":[{"template":"text","classes":"","position":1,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":"
La Premi\u00e8re\u00a0Guerre mondiale a \u00e9t\u00e9 un conflit d\u2019un genre nouveau et, \u00e0 ce titre, exigeait une comm\u00e9moration diff\u00e9rente. La Commission des champs de bataille nationaux a choisi huit sites en France et en Belgique sur lesquels \u00e9riger des m\u00e9moriaux d\u00e9di\u00e9s\r\n\taux Canadiens qui ont servi et se sont sacrifi\u00e9s. La colline\u00a0145, point culminant de la cr\u00eate de Vimy, a \u00e9t\u00e9 choisie comme site du m\u00e9morial national du Canada \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger. Il s\u2019agit du plus grand monument d\u00e9di\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019effort de guerre canadien.<\/p>\r\n
En 1922, le gouvernement fran\u00e7ais a offert au Canada environ 250\u00a0acres de terrain sur la colline\u00a0145 \u00e0 titre de \u00ab\u00a0don de la nation fran\u00e7aise au peuple canadien\u00a0\u00bb. La planification a alors pu d\u00e9buter. Walter\u00a0Allward, de Toronto,\r\n\ta remport\u00e9 le concours de conception du monument, auquel 160\u00a0personnes ont particip\u00e9. Son plan \u00e9tait grandiose et son design \u00e0 la fois inspirant et audacieux. Il a con\u00e7u une base massive de laquelle s\u2019\u00e9lancent deux piliers de calcaire blanc dominant\r\n\tlargement la campagne avoisinante, tels des fanaux symbolisant la France et le Canada, unis dans la m\u00e9moire et le deuil. La base semblable \u00e0 une forteresse repr\u00e9sente les murs de d\u00e9fense, sur lesquels veille une statue \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle double d\u2019une femme\r\n\tvoil\u00e9e effondr\u00e9e, nomm\u00e9e \u00ab\u00a0Le Canada en deuil\u00a0\u00bb par Walter\u00a0Allward. Les sculptures all\u00e9goriques int\u00e9gr\u00e9es au socle et aux piliers repr\u00e9sentent le Sacrifice, la Paix, la Justice, la V\u00e9rit\u00e9 et d\u2019autres vertus \u00e0 encourager dans l\u2019espoir de\r\n\tcr\u00e9er un monde d\u2019apr\u00e8s-guerre meilleur. Le monument \u00e9voque autant le pass\u00e9 que l\u2019avenir.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n
La construction du M\u00e9morial de Vimy a d\u00e9but\u00e9 en 1925. L\u2019\u00e9dification des magnifiques piliers et des sculptures a n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 11\u00a0000\u00a0tonnes de b\u00e9ton et de pierre ainsi que 6\u00a0000\u00a0tonnes de calcaire sp\u00e9cialement extrait de Croatie. L\u2019\u00e9rection\r\n\tdu monument a pris onze\u00a0ans et a co\u00fbt\u00e9 plus de 1,5\u00a0million de dollars, une somme consid\u00e9rable pour le Canada, lourdement ravag\u00e9 par la Crise. En tant que m\u00e9morial national, le monument est un hommage \u00e0 tous les Canadiens qui ont servi sous\r\n\tles drapeaux, mais en particulier aux 60\u00a0000\u00a0hommes qui ne sont jamais revenus. Le socle du monument arbore l\u2019inscription suivante\u00a0:\u00a0<\/span>\u00ab\u00a0\u00c0 la vaillance de ses fils pendant la Grande Guerre, et en m\u00e9moire de ses soixante\u00a0mille\u00a0morts, le peuple canadien a \u00e9lev\u00e9 ce monument.<\/i>\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0Les\r\n\tnoms des 11\u00a0285\u00a0Canadiens morts en France, mais rest\u00e9s sans s\u00e9pulture connue, sont grav\u00e9s sur le socle.<\/p>","en.content":" The First World War had been an entirely new kind of war, and that called for a new kind of commemoration. The Canadian Battlefields Memorial Commission (established in 1920) was granted eight sites across France and Belgium by the Imperial War Graves\r\n\tCommission where memorials would be erected to the memory of Canadians who had served and sacrificed. Hill 145, the highest point atop Vimy Ridge, was chosen as the site of Canada\u2019s national memorial overseas; this would be the largest of the monuments\r\n\tdedicated to the Canadian war effort.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tIn 1922, the French Government granted Canada about 250 acres of land on Hill 145 as \u201cthe free gift in perpetuity of the French nation to the people of Canada.\u201d Planning could now begin. Toronto\u2019s Walter Allward won the competition to design the monument\r\n\tfrom among 160 entrants. His plan was grandiose and his design inspiring and bold. He envisioned a massive base sprouting two towering white limestone pylons rising dramatically over the surrounding countryside; evocative beacons, one symbolizing Canada\r\n\tand one France, united in memory and bereavement. The fortress-like base represents the walls of defence, overlooked by a solitary double life-size statue of a veiled, downcast woman that Allward called Canada Bereft. The allegorical sculptures embedded\r\n\tat the base or along the pylons represent Sacrifice, Peace, Justice, Truth, and other virtuous qualities encouraging hope for a better post-war world. The monument was as much about the future as the past.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tWork began on the Vimy Memorial in 1925. It required 11,000 tons of concrete and masonry in addition to the 6,000 tons of special quarried limestone from Croatia for constructing the magnificent pylons and carving the sculptures. It took eleven years\r\n\tto build the monument at a cost of more than $1.5 million \u2013 a significant sum in Depression-ravaged Canada. As a national-scale memorial, the monument is a tribute to all Canadians who served, but in particular to the more than 60,000 who never returned.\r\n\tAt the base of the memorial is inscribed the following: \u201cTo the valour of their countrymen in the\r\nGreat War and in memory of their sixty thousand dead this monument is raised by\r\nthe people of Canada.\u201d<\/i> The names of 11,285 Canadians known to have died in France but with no known grave are engraved along the base of the memorial.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":2,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["a8bb74ae-4067-4d96-853e-dac322db310c","b583bb50-0f77-4479-a8ed-c3c1a13ba5e8"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":4,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":" La L\u00e9gion canadienne, en collaboration avec les gouvernements canadien, fran\u00e7ais et britannique, a organis\u00e9 un p\u00e8lerinage officiel afin d\u2019inaugurer publiquement le monument. La d\u00e9l\u00e9gation comprenait des anciens combattants canadiens, quelques proches\r\n\tet des repr\u00e9sentants officiels de la L\u00e9gion, du gouvernement canadien et de l\u2019arm\u00e9e. Le 16 juillet 1936, apr\u00e8s des adieux enthousiastes et charg\u00e9s d'\u00e9motion sur le quai, cinq paquebots de ligne ont appareill\u00e9 depuis Montr\u00e9al, escort\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re\r\n\tc\u00e9r\u00e9monielle par un contre-torpilleur de la Marine royale du Canada, le NCSM Saguenay<\/i>. \u00c0 bord se trouvaient environ 6 200 p\u00e8lerins canadiens venus de tout le pays et des \u00c9tats-Unis, arborant les b\u00e9rets, m\u00e9dailles et \u00e9pinglettes caract\u00e9ristiques\r\n\tde Vimy. Le 25 juillet, les navires ont accost\u00e9 au Havre et \u00e0 Anvers, et les Canadiens se sont pieusement dirig\u00e9s vers Vimy. D'autres p\u00e8lerins de la Grande-Bretagne, au nombre d'environ 1 300, les ont rejoints.\r\n<\/p>\r\n Le m\u00e9morial a \u00e9t\u00e9 inaugur\u00e9 le dimanche 26 juillet 1936 lors d\u2019une c\u00e9r\u00e9monie grandiose en pr\u00e9sence du roi \u00c9douard VIII. Alors prince de Galles, le roi avait servi au sein du corps canadien en 1919 et en 1927. Il a salu\u00e9 avec enthousiasme\r\n\tde nombreux p\u00e8lerins canadiens qu\u2019il connaissait personnellement. Sa pr\u00e9sence a insuffl\u00e9 une vitalit\u00e9 particuli\u00e8re \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nement, confirmant la grande importance que rev\u00eatait ce m\u00e9morial pour le Canada. Les estimations varient, mais pas moins de 50 000\r\n\tpersonnes \u00e9taient pr\u00e9sentes, la plupart \u00e9tant des citoyens fran\u00e7ais d\u00e9sireux d'exprimer leur gratitude. D\u2019autres dignitaires canadiens \u00e9taient pr\u00e9sents, notamment le ministre de la Justice Ernest Lapointe et le ministre des Pensions et de la Sant\u00e9\r\n\tnationale Charles G. Power, lui-m\u00eame un ancien combattant d\u00e9cor\u00e9. Sir Robert Borden, premier ministre durant la guerre, et le pr\u00e9sident fran\u00e7ais Albert Le Brun assistaient \u00e9galement \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nement.<\/p>\r\n La plupart des discours, notamment ceux du roi, du pr\u00e9sident fran\u00e7ais ainsi que des ministres et eccl\u00e9siastiques canadiens, ont exprim\u00e9 le besoin de paix et de r\u00e9conciliation, un appel rendu particuli\u00e8rement urgent par l\u2019escalade des tensions dans toute\r\n\tl\u2019Europe en arri\u00e8re-plan. Walter Allward lui-m\u00eame a indiqu\u00e9 que le superbe monument \u00ab donne quelque chose de magnifique \u00e0 la France, est digne des hommes qui ont sacrifi\u00e9 leur vie pour elle et, en tant que protestation pacifique contre la futilit\u00e9\r\n\tdes combats, fait regretter aux hommes que l\u2019humanit\u00e9 doive entrer en guerre \u00bb. <\/p>","en.content":" \r\n\tThe Canadian Legion, with co-operation from the Canadian, French, and British Governments, organized a formal pilgrimage to the official unveiling of the monument consisting of Canadian veterans, some family members, and official parties from the Legion\r\n\tand the Canadian Government and military. On 16 July 1936, following an enthusiastic and emotive dockside send-off, five passenger liners left Montreal under the ceremonial escort of a destroyer of the Royal Canadian Navy, HMCS Saguenay<\/i>. Aboard\r\n\twere some 6,200 Canadian pilgrims from all over Canada and some from the United States, wearing distinguishing Vimy berets, medals, and pins. On 25 July the vessels docked in Le Havre and Antwerp and the Canadians reverentially made their way towards\r\n\tVimy. Another 1,300 pilgrims joined them from Britain.\r\n<\/p>\r\n The memorial was inaugurated on Sunday, 26 July 1936, in a massive ceremony featuring the presence of King Edward VIII. While Prince of Wales, the King had served on the staff of the Canadian Corps and had toured Canada in 1919 and 1927. He enthusiastically\r\n\tgreeted numerous Canadian pilgrims whom he knew personally. His presence lent aura to the event and validated the memorial and the site as one of great importance to Canada. Estimates vary but no fewer than 50,000 people were present, most of them French\r\n\tcitizens expressing their gratitude. Amongst the Canadian dignitaries were Justice Minister Ernest Lapointe and the Minister of Pensions and National Health, Charles G. Power, himself a decorated veteran. Also in attendance was Sir Robert Borden, the\r\n\twartime prime minister and French President Albert Le Brun.\r\n<\/p>\r\n Most of the speeches, including those of the King, the French president, and the Canadian ministers and religious officials, expressed the need for peace and reconciliation, a call made especially urgent against the backdrop of mounting European tensions.\r\n\tAllward himself noted that the magnificent monument \u201cgives something beautiful to France, is worthy of the men who gave their lives for it, and, as a protest in a quiet way against the futility of war, makes men regret that humanity has to go to war.\u201d<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":5,"background":"transparent","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["81e9a2e4-7d8e-498c-89b2-e73a673897e1","3d4c6eb1-03e3-479d-a25a-92860fb71ca9","063d7aab-1202-4134-981e-2d25569387d7"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":8,"background":"transparent","meta":{"en.content":" Throughout the 1920s and 1930s individual communities built their own cenotaphs and memorials. These monuments became an important focus of grief for families that did not have graves to mourn. Many cenotaphs were inscribed with the names of local men\r\n\twho had died. They were the backdrop of Remembrance Day ceremonies, and many families treated them as their soldier's grave, laying flowers, and making sure they were well maintained.<\/p>","fr.content":" \r\n\tAu cours des ann\u00e9es 1920 et 1930, des communaut\u00e9s ont construit leurs propres c\u00e9notaphes et m\u00e9moriaux. Ces monuments rev\u00eataient une grande importance pour le deuil des familles accabl\u00e9es de douleur et sans tombe o\u00f9 se recueillir. Les noms des hommes des\r\n\tenvirons ayant succomb\u00e9 ont \u00e9t\u00e9 inscrits sur de nombreux c\u00e9notaphes. Ces derniers s\u2019inscrivaient en toile de fond des c\u00e9r\u00e9monies du jour du Souvenir et de nombreuses familles les consid\u00e9raient comme la tombe de leur soldat disparu, y d\u00e9posant des fleurs\r\n\tet veillant \u00e0 ce qu\u2019ils soient bien entretenus. <\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-feature","classes":"","position":9,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifact":["f36b60d5-5ecb-471c-bb0c-0cf342fa1402"]}}],"translations":{"en":{"title":"The Vimy Memorial and Pilgrimage","slug":"vimy-memorial-pilgrimage","heading":"26 July 1936","quote":"\u201cReturning to France \u2026 gives us the feeling that we are treading on sacred ground, as we think of the countless thousands who lie sleeping here \u2026We can never forget those heroic lives and the endless stories of bravery which make up the saga of the war. Acts of heroism were almost the everyday of life.\u201d","quote_source":"Honorary Lt.-Col. the Rev. C.C. Owen, speaking at the unveiling of the Vimy Memorial in July 1936.","sources":" <\/p>\r\nLes \u00e9v\u00e9nements qui se d\u00e9roulaient en Europe paraissaient lointains, et le Canada se sentait en s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Am\u00e9rique du Nord : les \u00c9tats-Unis constituaient un voisin puissant et ami, et la Royal Navy britannique assurait la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 dans l\u2019Atlantique Nord. Mais les \u00e9v\u00e9nements cet \u00e9t\u00e9-l\u00e0 ont attis\u00e9 des tensions latentes qui, lorsqu\u2019elles explos\u00e8rent, provoqu\u00e8rent une crise qui entra\u00eena dans son sillage l\u2019Europe et le monde entier, causant la d\u00e9solation, la destruction et de nombreuses pertes en vies humaines. Le Canada n'y \u00e9chappait pas. Le 28 juin 1914, le prince h\u00e9ritier du tr\u00f4ne de l\u2019Empire austro-hongrois, Fran\u00e7ois-Ferdinand, est assassin\u00e9 \u00e0 Sarajevo par un nationaliste serbe. \u00c9l\u00e9ment d\u00e9clencheur de la guerre entre l\u2019Autriche-Hongrie et la Serbie un mois plus tard, cet acte conduit d\u2019autres pays europ\u00e9ens \u00e0 mobiliser leurs arm\u00e9es et \u00e0 se joindre \u00e0 la guerre par le jeu d\u2019une s\u00e9rie d\u2019alliances crois\u00e9es et en appui \u00e0 leurs propres int\u00e9r\u00eats nationaux. L\u2019Allemagne d\u00e9clare la guerre \u00e0 la Russie et \u00e0 la France, alli\u00e9es de la Grande-Bretagne. Le 4 ao\u00fbt, apr\u00e8s que l\u2019Allemagne eut envahi la Belgique, dont la neutralit\u00e9 \u00e9tait un important rempart de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 pour la Grande-Bretagne, celle-ci d\u00e9clare la guerre \u00e0 l\u2019Allemagne. Cette d\u00e9claration entra\u00eene dans la guerre tout l\u2019Empire britannique, y compris le Canada.\r\n\r\n\t\t\r\n <\/p>","en.content":" In 1914, Canada was a confident young country boasting a rapidly growing population of 8 million people, about 28 percent of whom were of French ethnic origin. Although in the midst of an economic downturn, the previous decade had seen an unprecedented boom: growing industrialization and urbanization, the emergence of a vibrant overseas and North American trading economy, massive immigration from Britain and continental Europe, and immense infrastructural development. Canada was domestically self-governing, but had no formal international status and, constitutionally, remained a colony of Britain. Many Canadians, perhaps most whom were of British ethnicity, felt pride and satisfaction at being part of the British Empire, to which they were fervently loyal.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tEvents in Europe seemed remote and Canada felt secure in North America: the United States was a powerful and friendly neighbour and Britain\u2019s Royal Navy secured the North Atlantic. But events that summer lit a simmering fuse to a powder keg whose explosion would engulf Europe and the world, bringing calamity, devastation, and catastrophic loss of life. Canada would not be immune. On 28 June 1914, Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serbian nationalist. This led to war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia a month later, triggering other European states to mobilize their armies and enter the war in accordance with a series of tangled alliance systems and\tin support of national interests. Germany went to war with Russia and France, British allies. On 4 August, Britain declared war on Germany after Germany invaded Belgium, whose neutrality was important to British security. This declaration bound the entire British Empire, including Canada, to war.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":4,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["6c15dc84-c71f-47f6-ad2d-95f5d81ca0be","544e9901-b008-4c45-beb1-85a5e00b7544"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":6,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":"Le premier ministre conservateur canadien Robert\r\nBorden offre imm\u00e9diatement \u00e0 la Grande-Bretagne tout le soutien possible,\r\npromettant notamment un envoi initial de 25\u00a0000\u00a0soldats. Cette\r\npolitique fait pratiquement l\u2019unanimit\u00e9 au sein de la classe politique, de la\r\npresse et de la population; le chef de l\u2019opposition lib\u00e9rale, sir\u00a0Wilfrid\r\nLaurier, offre une tr\u00eave politique, affirmant que les Canadiens \u00ab\u00a0font\r\nbloc derri\u00e8re la m\u00e8re-patrie\u00a0\u00bb. Des foules en liesse agitant l\u2019Union Jack\r\n(le drapeau de l\u2019Union royale) et chantant \u00ab\u00a0God Save the King\u00a0\u00bb et\r\n\u00ab\u00a0La Marseillaise\u00a0\u00bb se rassemblent dans les rues des grandes villes\r\ncanadiennes. Borden d\u00e9clare que la guerre est une question de libert\u00e9, de\r\nd\u00e9mocratie et de moralit\u00e9, rendue n\u00e9cessaire par le besoin de mettre fin au\r\nbarbarisme allemand, surtout compte tenu des nouvelles qui parviennent des\r\natrocit\u00e9s commises par les Allemands en Belgique. Le clerg\u00e9 et la presse au\r\nCanada manifestent leur accord d\u2019embl\u00e9e, convaincus que l\u2019issue de la guerre\r\nd\u00e9ciderait du sort de la civilisation. Pour d\u2019autres Canadiens, il y va du\r\ndevoir du Canada de d\u00e9fendre le Roi et l\u2019Empire. Lorsque le Parlement se r\u00e9unit\r\nle 18\u00a0ao\u00fbt, il vote en faveur d\u2019une enveloppe imm\u00e9diate de\r\n50\u00a0millions de dollars pour l\u2019effort de guerre. Le 22\u00a0ao\u00fbt, il\r\napprouve la Loi sur les mesures de guerre<\/i>, une loi de grande port\u00e9e qui,\r\nen bref, permet au gouvernement d\u2019adopter pour ainsi dire toutes les politiques\r\nint\u00e9rieures qu\u2019il juge n\u00e9cessaires pour \u00ab\u00a0la s\u00e9curit\u00e9, la d\u00e9fense, la\r\npaix, l\u2019ordre et le bien-\u00eatre du Canada\u00a0\u00bb. En outre, la m\u00eame ann\u00e9e, des\r\nminist\u00e8res cl\u00e9s du gouvernement produisent de concert un \u00ab\u00a0livre de\r\nguerre\u00a0\u00bb qui renferme des conseils sur les nombreuses mesures \u00e0 prendre\r\npour pr\u00e9parer le pays \u00e0 la guerre et prot\u00e9ger ses institutions.","en.content":"Canadian Conservative Prime Minister Robert Borden immediately offered Britain all support possible, including the initial promise of 25,000 troops. There was near-unanimous political, press, and popular support for this policy, with the Liberal Leader of the Opposition, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, declaring a political truce and stating that \u201call Canadians are behind the Mother Country.\u201d Jubilant crowds waving Union Jacks and singing \u201cGod Save the King\u201d and \u201cLa Marseillaise\u201d gathered in the streets of all major Canadian cities. Borden proclaimed that the war was about freedom, democracy, morality, and the need to end German barbarity, particularly as news emerged of German atrocities committed in Belgium. Canada\u2019s churches and press heartily agreed, proclaiming that civilization was at stake in the war\u2019s outcome. Other Canadians felt that it was Canada\u2019s duty to defend King and Empire. When Parliament met on 18 August, it voted an immediate $50 million for the effort. On 22 August Parliament approved the War Measures Act, a sweeping measure which, in short, allowed the Government to pursue virtually any domestic policy that it saw fit in furtherance of the \u201csecurity, defence, peace, order, and welfare of Canada.\u201d Moreover, that very year, key departments of Government had combined to prepare a \u201cWar Book,\u201d which offered guidance on those many measures needed to organise the country for war and to protect its institutions."},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-feature","classes":"","position":7,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"background":["d412125d-8260-4127-838d-6b9015cc20f1"],"artifact":["d44af291-fb59-445f-bd1a-eaf03582dbb3"]}}],"translations":{"en":{"title":"The Great War Begins","slug":"great-war-begins","heading":"4 August 1914","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":" Le premier ministre William Lyon Mackenzie King avait promis que seuls des volontaires serviraient outre-mer. Il ne voulait pas une r\u00e9p\u00e9tition de la crise nationale subie en 1917-1918 apr\u00e8s l\u2019imposition de la conscription. L\u2019arm\u00e9e de 4 500 hommes, augment\u00e9e de 51 000 r\u00e9servistes partiellement entra\u00een\u00e9s, ne poss\u00e9dait pratiquement aucun \u00e9quipement moderne. L\u2019aviation disposait de moins de 20 avions de combat modernes, et la marine d\u2019\u00e0 peine six destroyers \u2013 la plus petite classe de navires de guerre oc\u00e9aniques. C\u2019\u00e9tait un d\u00e9but modeste, mais les forces arm\u00e9es connaissaient une croissance rapide. En septembre 1939 seulement, plus de 58 000 Canadiens s\u2019\u00e9taient enr\u00f4l\u00e9s, t\u00e9moignant du d\u00e9sir r\u00e9pandu d\u2019aider la Grande-Bretagne et la France dans leur lutte contre les nazis. S\u2019il est vrai que certaines recrues, sans emploi, se sont enr\u00f4l\u00e9es pour des raisons \u00e9conomiques, de nombreux Canadiens ont quitt\u00e9 de rares emplois pour rallier les troupes. <\/p> En d\u00e9cembre, les troupes de la 1re<\/sup> Division canadienne sont en route vers la Grande-Bretagne pour y suivre un entra\u00eenement avanc\u00e9; graduellement, les forces arm\u00e9es s\u2019organisent et se mobilisent. En f\u00e9vrier 1940, seuls 23 000 soldats arrivent aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de quelques unit\u00e9s des forces a\u00e9riennes. Critiqu\u00e9 par la presse et la classe politique pour sa r\u00e9action l\u00e9thargique, le gouvernement de Mackenzie King m\u00e8ne une politique de \u00ab responsabilit\u00e9 limit\u00e9e \u00bb. Cette politique vise \u00e0 minimiser dans l\u2019imm\u00e9diat l\u2019engagement des troupes canadiennes. En \u00e9vitant d\u2019essuyer de lourdes pertes humaines, le premier ministre esp\u00e8re remettre \u00e0 plus tard la conscription, sujet de division au sein du pays. D\u2019ailleurs, il est question de la \u00ab dr\u00f4le de guerre \u00bb. C\u2019est le nom donn\u00e9 \u00e0 cette p\u00e9riode caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par l\u2019absence de combat terrestre en Europe occidentale entre les Allemands et les Alli\u00e9s. Personne ne voit alors l\u2019urgence de faire grossir l\u2019arm\u00e9e. Au lieu de cela, conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l\u2019id\u00e9e d\u2019une \u00ab responsabilit\u00e9 limit\u00e9e \u00bb, le Canada organise le Programme d\u2019entra\u00eenement a\u00e9rien du Commonwealth britannique (PEACB) pour former des dizaines de milliers de membres d\u2019\u00e9quipage, la plupart canadiens, pour les forces a\u00e9riennes du Commonwealth. V\u00e9ritable tour de force n\u00e9cessitant la gestion de dizaines de milliers de membres de l\u2019arm\u00e9e de l\u2019air, le PEACB repr\u00e9sente l\u2019une des plus importantes contributions militaires du Canada \u00e0 l\u2019effort de guerre des Alli\u00e9s. <\/p>","en.content":" Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King promised that only volunteers would serve overseas. He did not want to repeat the national unity crisis that had erupted in 1917-1918 following the imposition of conscription. The regular army of 4,500 men, augmented\r\n\tby 51,000 partly-trained reservists, possessed virtually no modern equipment. The air force had fewer than 20 modern combat aircraft while the navy\u2019s combat potential consisted of only six destroyers, the smallest class of ocean-going warships. It was\r\n\ta modest beginning, but the armed forces grew rapidly. In September 1939 alone, over 58,000 Canadians enlisted, reflecting a widespread desire to assist Britain and France in their struggle against the Nazis. While some of the enlistees were unemployed\r\n\tand might have been motivated to join up for economic reasons, many Canadians also quit scarce jobs to enlist.<\/p>\r\n By December, troops of the 1st Canadian Division were on their way to Britain, where advanced training and a gradual build up forces would take place. By February 1940, only 23,000 troops had arrived alongside a few air force units. Although subject to\r\n\tpress and political criticism for its lethargic response, the King Government was pursuing a policy of so-called \u201climited liability\u201d whereby Canada\u2019s commitment of troops would remain small for the time being in an effort to avoid large-scale casualties\r\n\twhich might lead to divisive calls for conscription. Besides, this was the period of the \u201cPhoney War,\u201d which saw no ground combat in Western Europe between the Germans and the Allies, and there did not seem any great urgency to grow the army. Instead,\r\n\tand in keeping with the idea of \u201climited liability,\u201d Canada organized and hosted the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP) to train tens of thousands of air crew, most of whom would be Canadian, for Commonwealth air forces. It proved a very\r\n\tcomplex undertaking, required tens of thousands of air force personnel to manage, and became a major contribution to the Allied war effort.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":4,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["e2b5fd85-cd54-45e8-87e5-d3af34416beb"]}},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":5,"background":"transparent","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["d2936567-3ccb-4b8f-840f-3b91a00e3a17","904bec1e-493f-44f8-90f6-3d289592d8d2","a38684be-a5ed-496f-a9f1-eb8b1787ad62","2d54a21e-afe9-4cfb-875d-beeca7b4a40b","e8aee040-af07-4d50-96e1-dc45d422fe36"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":6,"background":"transparent","meta":{"en.content":" By June 1940, Germany had defeated France and occupied most of Western Europe. Italy also entered the war on Germany\u2019s side. Britain, having succeeded in withdrawing the bulk of its forces from the continent, was suddenly threatened with invasion. Ottawa\r\n\treacted to this sudden crisis by very significantly increasing its military, industrial, financial, and manpower commitments to the war effort. \u201cLimited liability\u201d was replaced by a policy of unlimited war. Canada rushed its small navy to Britain and\r\n\tsent two fighter squadrons there before the end of 1940. Many others would follow. For a full year, until Germany attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941, Canada was Britain\u2019s principal ally in the struggle against tyranny. By the summer of 1942, Canada\r\n\thad stationed some 250,000 men and substantial air forces in Britain. <\/p>\r\n At home, Ottawa passed the National Resources Mobilization Act (NRMA) in June 1940 which obliged Canadians to register with the Government in order that the human resource pool of the country could be better administered. The NRMA also created an army\r\n\tof conscripts for the purpose of defending Canada. These conscripts would not be obliged to serve outside of North America but by serving in various posts on the home front, they freed up general service volunteers for service overseas. Eventually, 100,000\r\n\tCanadians would serve as home-defence conscripts and thousands of these well-trained men would themselves volunteer for general service. In 1942, after a bitter political debate and a national plebiscite, Ottawa amended the NRMA to allow for the dispatch\r\n\toverseas of conscripts if the Government deemed it necessary. In fact, this would not happen until the end of 1944.<\/p>","fr.content":" En juin 1940, l\u2019Allemagne avait d\u00e9fait la France et occupait la plus grande partie de l\u2019Europe occidentale. L\u2019Italie \u00e9tait aussi entr\u00e9e en guerre aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de l\u2019Allemagne. La Grande-Bretagne, qui avait r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 retirer le gros de ses forces sur le continent, subissait soudainement la menace d\u2019une invasion. Ottawa a r\u00e9agi \u00e0 cette crise subite en augmentant consid\u00e9rablement ses ressources militaires, industrielles et financi\u00e8res ainsi que ses effectifs pour appuyer l\u2019effort de guerre. La politique de \u00ab responsabilit\u00e9 limit\u00e9e \u00bb c\u00e9dait la place \u00e0 celle d\u2019une \u00ab guerre illimit\u00e9e \u00bb. Le Canada a d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 sa petite marine vers la Grande-Bretagne et y a envoy\u00e9 deux escadrons de chasse avant la fin de 1940. Beaucoup d\u2019autres allaient suivre. Durant toute une ann\u00e9e, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce que l\u2019Allemagne attaque l\u2019Union sovi\u00e9tique en juin 1941, le Canada a \u00e9t\u00e9 le principal alli\u00e9 de la Grande-Bretagne dans la lutte contre la tyrannie. \u00c0 l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9 1942, le Canada avait stationn\u00e9 quelque 250 000 hommes et d\u2019imposantes forces a\u00e9riennes en Grande-Bretagne.<\/p> Au pays, Ottawa adopta la Loi sur la mobilisation des ressources nationales<\/i> (LMRN) en juin 1940, qui for\u00e7ait la population canadienne \u00e0 s\u2019inscrire aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement pour assurer une meilleure gestion du bassin des ressources humaines du pays. La LMRN permettait \u00e9galement au gouvernement de former une arm\u00e9e de conscrits pour d\u00e9fendre le Canada. Ces conscrits ne seraient pas oblig\u00e9s de servir outre-mer; en allant sur les c\u00f4tes canadiennes y tenir garnison, ils permettraient aux volontaires du service g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d\u2019aller \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger. Quelque 100 000 Canadiens ont finalement servi comme conscrits, mobilis\u00e9s pour la d\u00e9fense territoriale, et des milliers de ces hommes bien entra\u00een\u00e9s se sont port\u00e9s volontaires pour le service g\u00e9n\u00e9ral. En 1942, apr\u00e8s un \u00e2pre d\u00e9bat politique et un r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum national, Ottawa a modifi\u00e9 la LMRN pour permettre l\u2019envoi de conscrits \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger si le gouvernement le jugeait n\u00e9cessaire. Cela ne surviendrait qu\u2019\u00e0 la fin de 1944.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":7,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["8c350d7e-908d-4de3-8b16-ffd3f4ac3bf4"]}},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":8,"background":"transparent","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["fb9ec490-534a-41de-9de7-c49c6bdb65df","c0e8105e-690d-4ac6-a7b4-3438b4e2e638","f2dfd68b-34f5-4d58-8510-146307c2e985","8ca5b34f-c87b-46ff-9a0d-4c24f2e30d5a","3058b1d1-35a5-4fa8-aef0-8ee010f96987"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":9,"background":"transparent","meta":{"en.content":" The emergency resulting from the defeat of France and the possibility of Britain\u2019s defeat obliged the Canadian Government to take steps to ensure the safety of its national territory and adjacent waters. In August 1940, Prime Minister King met US President\r\n\tFranklin Roosevelt at Ogdensburg, New York, and together the men concluded the Ogdensburg Agreement which united the two countries in a policy of joint hemispheric defence. The United States remained formally neutral until December 1941, but Canada had\r\n\tfound a guarantor to replace Britain in the event of the latter\u2019s defeat. In April 1941, the two countries negotiated the Hyde Park Declaration which was a kind of free-trade agreement in military goods, enabling Canada to acquire the output of American\r\n\tindustry, much of it on Britain\u2019s behalf. In January 1942, Canada made Britain the gift of $1 billion in goods and monies to assist with its war effort. It was an astronomical sum at the time.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tIn these early war years, Canada augmented its war effort in keeping with overseas military needs. It harnessed its immense natural resources to the growing Canadian participation in the war and to support Britain. By 1941, it had converted or built hundreds\r\n\tof factories producing war supplies for itself, Britain, and other Commonwealth countries. By the end of the war, more than one million workers (including 261,000 women) had been employed in war industries producing hundreds of warships and cargo vessels,\r\n\t16,000 aircraft, 850,000 military vehicles (including 50,000 armoured vehicles), and weapons and equipment of all the kinds necessary to support a modern army in the field. Canada had become a major ally, at home and overseas.<\/p>","fr.content":" Devant la d\u00e9faite de la France et un possible \u00e9chec de la Grande-Bretagne, le gouvernement canadien ressentait l\u2019urgence d\u2019agir. Aussi prenait-il des mesures pour assurer la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du territoire national et des eaux adjacentes. En ao\u00fbt 1940, le premier ministre Mackenzie King rencontre le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Roosevelt \u00e0 Ogdensburg, dans l\u2019\u00c9tat de New York. Ils signent la D\u00e9claration d\u2019Ogdensburg qui unit les deux pays dans une politique commune de d\u00e9fense de la moiti\u00e9 septentrionale de l\u2019h\u00e9misph\u00e8re occidental. Le Canada trouve dans les \u00c9tats-Unis, demeur\u00e9s formellement neutres jusqu\u2019en d\u00e9cembre 1941, le garant ultime pour sa s\u00e9curit\u00e9 advenant la d\u00e9faite de la Grande-Bretagne. En avril 1941, les deux pays n\u00e9gocient la D\u00e9claration de Hyde Park, une sorte d\u2019accord de libre-\u00e9change des biens militaires. Ainsi, les \u00c9tats-Unis s\u2019engagent \u00e0 fournir au Canada les composantes requises pour la fabrication du mat\u00e9riel et des munitions destin\u00e9s \u00e0 la Grande-Bretagne. En janvier 1942, le Canada fait don \u00e0 la Grande-Bretagne de 1 milliard de dollars en biens et en argent pour soutenir son effort de guerre. \u00c0 l\u2019\u00e9poque, c\u2019est une somme astronomique.<\/p> Durant les premi\u00e8res ann\u00e9es du conflit mondial, le Canada intensifie son effort de guerre conform\u00e9ment aux besoins militaires outre-mer. La richesse des ressources naturelles est mise \u00e0 profit pour soutenir la Grande-Bretagne et la participation croissante du Canada \u00e0 la guerre. En 1941, le Canada compte des centaines d\u2019usines, nouvellement construites ou converties, de production de fournitures de guerre, qu'il utilisera lui-m\u00eame ainsi que la Grande-Bretagne et d\u2019autres pays du Commonwealth. Vers la fin du conflit mondial, les industries de guerre emploient plus d\u2019un million de personnes (dont 261 000 femmes). Elles produisent des centaines de b\u00e2timents de guerre et des navires de charge, 16 000 a\u00e9ronefs, 850 000 v\u00e9hicules militaires (dont 50 000 v\u00e9hicules blind\u00e9s), des armes et des pi\u00e8ces d'\u00e9quipement de toutes sortes n\u00e9cessaires pour soutenir une arm\u00e9e moderne sur le terrain. Le Canada \u00e9tait devenu un alli\u00e9 important, au pays et \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":10,"background":"transparent","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["922fb2a4-2ba3-422c-9e6a-612ca4d23ad8","61c7c0b4-cfa7-4bf6-a7c4-11ac401c97e5","9ba2f7e2-637e-4688-bd4f-70a6900aba34","58fd2ba9-26d7-4c5e-a7a9-889b478f1ccb","de5a7007-9d71-4258-84a0-b8df21f21762"]}},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":11,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["227c0ba7-bcfe-41d9-8cdd-7e262e490ec4","87244e4c-0457-4602-a89a-4b84ad466793"]}},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":12,"background":"transparent","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["2961f9fb-2283-4f6e-a105-e19bf2569fc9","ec59418b-9a78-40db-b376-08c038c055f0","dd5720fd-994c-4747-b472-43729a907d5e","307a9d9d-59eb-4a8b-930f-9d1fce03d45b","5fb47f0f-769e-4a27-bd6a-4f019aed5863","42e7cb97-c974-4c57-88fd-e9297414a617","3600589b-5098-420f-8c54-dff1f10b342f"]}}],"translations":{"en":{"title":"Canada Declares War","slug":"canada-declares-war","heading":"10 September 1939","quote":"\"If you were to ask a Canadian, 'Do you have to go to war because England does?' he'd answer at once, 'Oh no.' If you then said, 'Would you go to war if England does?' he'd answer, 'Oh, yes.' And if you asked, 'Why?' he would say, reflectively, 'Well, you see, we'd have to.'","quote_source":"Stephen Leacock in The Atlantic Monthly<\/em>, June 1939","sources":" Le premier contingent canadien arrive en Grande-Bretagne en octobre 1914 et passe l\u2019automne et le d\u00e9but de l\u2019hiver 2015 sous des pluies diluviennes sur la plaine de Salisbury, dans le sud de l\u2019Angleterre. L\u00e0, les hommes sont initi\u00e9s aux rigueurs de l\u2019entra\u00eenement pour la guerre moderne en vue de leur d\u00e9ploiement sur le front de l'Ouest. \u00c0 ce moment, les forces adverses en pr\u00e9sence sur le front sont dans une impasse, chaque camp ayant creus\u00e9 un r\u00e9seau de tranch\u00e9es de plus en plus complexe s\u2019\u00e9tendant sur quelque 600 kilom\u00e8tres, depuis la Manche jusqu\u2019en Suisse en passant par la c\u00f4te belge. Dans ces tranch\u00e9es et abris souterrains, les hommes se prot\u00e8gent des tirs d\u2019artillerie, de mitrailleuses et de tireurs embusqu\u00e9s qui menacent leurs positions. Les tranch\u00e9es sont elles-m\u00eames prot\u00e9g\u00e9es par de larges ceintures de barbel\u00e9s. William Bundy was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, on 7 March 1885. After he finished school, he left Halifax and moved to Amherst, where he worked as a moulder on construction jobs. In 1916, at age 31, he joined the Royal Engineers, as a private in No.\r\n\t2 Construction Battalion. Although there were exceptions, Black men were typically restricted to service in manual labour or service units during the war, and No. 2 Construction was the only all-black battalion in the Canadian Corps.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tPrivate Bundy left for England in March 1917, and his battalion was sent to France two months later in May. The men were attached to the Canadian Forestry Corps, and worked logging and producing timber. Having a steady supply of wood was essential to\r\n\tmaintain the infrastructure in the front lines and in support positions. Trenches were reinforced with wood beams; dangerous ground was covered in wooden walkways; railways needed wooden railway ties to transport food and ammunition to the trenches.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tPrivate Bundy was demobilized at the end of the war, and moved to Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. There, he settled down and became a firefighter for the Department of National Defence, protecting ammunition stores. He met his wife shortly after the war, and\r\n\tthey had four children: Allan Selwynn, Carl, Milton, and Lillian.<\/p>","fr.content":" William Bundy est n\u00e9 \u00e0 Halifax, en Nouvelle-\u00c9cosse, le 7 mars 1885. Apr\u00e8s avoir termin\u00e9 l\u2019\u00e9cole, il a quitt\u00e9 Halifax et a d\u00e9m\u00e9nag\u00e9 \u00e0 Amherst, o\u00f9 il a travaill\u00e9 comme mouleur dans le secteur de la construction. En 1916, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge de 31 ans, il a rejoint\r\n\tles Royal Engineers en tant que soldat aupr\u00e8s du 2e<\/sup> bataillon de construction.\u00a0Bien qu\u2019il y ait eu des exceptions, les hommes noirs n\u2019\u00e9taient g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement autoris\u00e9s \u00e0 participer qu\u2019aux travaux manuels ou aux unit\u00e9s de service pendant\r\n\tla guerre. Le 2e bataillon de construction \u00e9tait le seul enti\u00e8rement compos\u00e9 de Noirs dans le Corps canadien.<\/p>\r\n Le soldat Bundy est parti pour l\u2019Angleterre en mars 1917, et son bataillon a \u00e9t\u00e9 envoy\u00e9 en France deux mois plus tard, en mai. Les hommes du bataillon, affect\u00e9s au Corps forestier canadien, travaillaient \u00e0 couper et \u00e0 produire du bois d\u2019\u0153uvre. Avoir un\r\n\tapprovisionnement r\u00e9gulier en bois \u00e9tait essentiel pour maintenir l\u2019infrastructure dans les lignes de front et pour soutenir les positions : les tranch\u00e9es \u00e9taient renforc\u00e9es avec des poutres en bois; le sol dangereux \u00e9tait couvert de passerelles en bois;\r\n\tles chemins de fer reposaient sur des traverses en bois pour le transport d\u2019aliments et de munitions vers les tranch\u00e9es.<\/p>\r\n Le soldat Bundy a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9mobilis\u00e9 \u00e0 la fin de la guerre. Il a ensuite d\u00e9m\u00e9nag\u00e9 \u00e0 Dartmouth, en Nouvelle-\u00c9cosse. Il s\u2019est install\u00e9 l\u00e0-bas et est devenu pompier pour le minist\u00e8re de la D\u00e9fense nationale, \u00e0 la protection des entrep\u00f4ts de munitions. Il a rencontr\u00e9\r\n\tson \u00e9pouse peu de temps apr\u00e8s la guerre, et le couple a eu quatre enfants : Allan Selwynn, Carl, Milton et Lillian.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":2,"background":"transparent","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["5b0e8ad1-2ba4-428b-831a-e02b0d9a6db4","c8c62e21-ac81-4c30-867a-a4af1d584309","0e01488e-81ca-46bb-bcc3-6dec25275b74","6bfd5f38-a737-4187-b227-c35f6855390f"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":3,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":" N\u00e9 en 1920, le fils de William Bundy, Allan, excellait dans les sports et dans ses travaux scolaires. Il a obtenu une bourse de l\u2019Ordre imp\u00e9rial des filles de l\u2019Empire afin d\u2019\u00e9tudier \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Dalhousie dans le domaine de la chimie et d\u2019y obtenir\r\n\tun doctorat. <\/p>\r\n Lorsque la guerre a \u00e9clat\u00e9, Allan voulait servir dans l\u2019Aviation. Toutefois, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 refus\u00e9 au poste de recrutement, tandis que ses amis blancs ont \u00e9t\u00e9 accept\u00e9s imm\u00e9diatement. Bundy a essay\u00e9 \u00e0 nouveau \u00e0 un autre centre de recrutement \u00e0 Halifax et on\r\n\tlui a dit que les Noirs n\u2019\u00e9taient pas autoris\u00e9s \u00e0 servir dans l\u2019ARC, sauf s\u2019ils souhaitaient travailler comme cuisiniers ou commis. <\/p>\r\n En 1940, Bundy a re\u00e7u un avis de conscription de l\u2019arm\u00e9e, qu\u2019il a ignor\u00e9. Un agent de la GRC lui a rendu visite, mais en apprenant qu\u2019il avait essay\u00e9 de s\u2019enr\u00f4ler et avait \u00e9t\u00e9 rejet\u00e9 en raison de politiques racistes, il ne l\u2019a pas arr\u00eat\u00e9, non plus qu\u2019oblig\u00e9\r\n\t\u00e0 s\u2019enr\u00f4ler dans l\u2019infanterie. Lorsque les politiques visant les Noirs ont \u00e9t\u00e9 abrog\u00e9es, en 1942, Bundy s\u2019est enr\u00f4l\u00e9 imm\u00e9diatement et a re\u00e7u sa formation de pilote. C\u2019\u00e9tait un \u00e9tudiant tellement exceptionnel qu\u2019il a re\u00e7u une commission d\u2019officier imm\u00e9diatement\r\n\tapr\u00e8s l\u2019obtention de son dipl\u00f4me.<\/p>\r\n Le sous-lieutenant d\u2019aviation Bundy a \u00e9t\u00e9 affect\u00e9 outre-mer en d\u00e9cembre 1943. Il a suivi une formation suppl\u00e9mentaire pour devenir pilote de combat et pass\u00e9 plusieurs semaines \u00e0 apprendre \u00e0 voler et \u00e0 combattre dans un avion biplace, le Bristol Beaufighter.\r\n\tAllan Bundy est devenu le premier militaire canadien noir \u00e0 \u00eatre pilote de combat dans l\u2019Aviation royale du Canada au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Sa formation termin\u00e9e, il \u00e9tait pr\u00eat \u00e0 \u00eatre affect\u00e9 \u00e0 une unit\u00e9 op\u00e9rationnelle. Toutefois, aucun\r\n\tofficier blanc ne voulait \u00eatre son navigateur jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce que le sergent de section Elwood Wright accepte d\u2019\u00eatre son partenaire, juste avant que le sous-lieutenant d\u2019aviation Bundy soit r\u00e9affect\u00e9 \u00e0 une autre unit\u00e9 ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 un travail diff\u00e9rent. <\/p>\r\n Bundy et Wright ont \u00e9t\u00e9 affect\u00e9s en \u00c9cosse en septembre 1944 pour piloter des Beaufighters et des Mosquitos de Havilland au cours des combats c\u00f4tiers avec le 404e<\/sup> escadron. Leur travail \u00e9tait de prot\u00e9ger les c\u00f4tes d\u2019\u00c9cosse en harcelant et en\r\n\tcoulant les navires ennemis provenant de la Norv\u00e8ge occup\u00e9e, et de perturber la marine marchande allemande. Au cours de leur premi\u00e8re mission, l\u2019escouade a d\u00e9truit deux navires ennemis. Bundy et Wright allaient effectuer ensemble 43 autres missions a\u00e9riennes\r\n\tavant la fin de la guerre.<\/p>","en.content":" \r\n\tBorn in 1920, William\u2019s son Allan Bundy excelled in sports and his academic work. He eventually won an Imperial Order of the Daughters of the Empire scholarship to attend Dalhousie University, where he studied chemistry in order to become a doctor.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tWhen the war broke out Allan wanted to serve in the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). However, he was rejected at the recruiting station while his white friend was accepted immediately. Bundy tried again at another recruiting station in Halifax; he was\r\n\tinformed that black men were not allowed to serve in the RCAF, unless they wanted to work as a cook or clerk. <\/p>\r\n In 1940, Bundy received a conscription notice from the army, which he ignored. A Royal Canadian Mounted Police officer visited him, but on hearing that he had tried to enlist and was rejected because of racist recruiting policies, he did not arrest him,\r\n\tor force him to enlist in the infantry. When the policies targeting black men were rescinded in 1942, Bundy immediately enlisted, and received his flight training. He was such an exceptional student that he was given an officers commission immediately\r\n\tafter he graduated. <\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n\tPilot Officer (P\/O) Bundy was posted overseas in December 1943. He took additional training to become a combat pilot, and spent several weeks learning how to fly and fight in a two-person aircraft called the Bristol Beaufighter. Allan Bundy became the\r\n\tfirst black Canadian military combat pilot to serve with the RCAF during the Second World War. His training complete, he was ready to be assigned to an operational unit. However, no white officer would agree to be his navigator until Flight Sergeant\r\n\tElwood Wright agreed to be his partner just before P\/O Bundy was reassigned to a different unit and a different job.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n\tBundy and Wright were posted to Scotland in September 1944 to fly Beaufighters as well as de Havilland Mosquitos during coastal combat with the 404 Squadron. Their job was to protect the coasts of Scotland by harassing and sinking enemy ships coming from\r\n\toccupied Norway, as well as disrupting German shipping. During their first mission, the squad destroyed two enemy ships. Bundy and Wright would go on to fly 43 more missions together before the end of the war.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":4,"background":"transparent","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["d348acaa-561a-478e-ba34-ec6b373c864a","efe4ff3c-6eee-4b05-acd4-713567b45423","29730238-aab4-433a-9aad-018b23200155"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":5,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":" En ao\u00fbt 1945, le sous-lieutenant d\u2019aviation Bundy a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9mobilis\u00e9 et est retourn\u00e9 \u00e0 Amherst. En d\u00e9cembre 1950, la famille Bundy a malheureusement perdu \u00e0 la fois le soldat William Henry Bundy et son fils le plus jeune, Milton Bundy, dans l\u2019incendie d\u2019un\r\n\tgrand magasin Kay \u00e0 Halifax. Dix personnes ont p\u00e9ri dans cette catastrophe. Milton \u00e9tait trop jeune pour s\u2019enr\u00f4ler dans l\u2019ARC avec son fr\u00e8re a\u00een\u00e9, mais il \u00e9tait cadet de l\u2019air pendant la dur\u00e9e de la guerre. William et Milton ont \u00e9t\u00e9 enterr\u00e9s l\u2019un pr\u00e8s\r\n\tde l\u2019autre au cimeti\u00e8re Camp Hill.<\/p>\r\n Allan Bundy a plus tard rencontr\u00e9 son \u00e9pouse, Marie, et le couple a d\u00e9m\u00e9nag\u00e9 \u00e0 Toronto. Allan a alors travaill\u00e9 comme superviseur dans une entreprise manufacturi\u00e8re, en plus d\u2019\u00eatre actif \u00e0 sa filiale locale de la L\u00e9gion. Il aimait jouer au golf. Dans\r\n\tune interview accord\u00e9e \u00e0 un journal dans les ann\u00e9es 1970, il a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu\u2019il r\u00eavait qu\u2019il pilotait chaque nuit. Il a rendu l\u2019\u00e2me le 9 d\u00e9cembre 2001, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge de 81 ans.<\/p>","en.content":" \r\n\tIn August 1945, P\/O Bundy was demobilised, and returned to Amherst. In December 1950, the Bundy family sadly lost both Private William Henry Bundy, and his youngest son, Milton Bundy, in the Halifax\u2019s Kay Department Store fire. Ten people perished in\r\n\tthe disaster. Milton had been too young to join the RCAF with his older brother, but had been an air cadet for the duration of the war. William and Milton were buried next to one another in Camp Hill Cemetery.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tAllan Bundy eventually met his wife Marie, and the pair moved to Toronto. There, Allan worked as a supervisor in a manufacturing company, and was active in his local Legion. He also enjoyed playing golf. In a newspaper interview given in the 1970s, he\r\n\tsaid that he went to sleep dreaming of flying every night. He passed away on 9 December 2001, at the age of 81.<\/p>"},"media":[]}],"translations":{"en":{"title":"The Bundy Family","slug":"bundy","heading":"William Henry Bundy and Allan Bundy","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":" John Archibald MacNaughton est n\u00e9 \u00e0 Black River Bridge, au Nouveau-Brunswick, en octobre 1896. Il avait deux s\u0153urs, Katie et Annie. <\/p>\r\n Archie, comme l\u2019appelaient tous ceux qui le connaissaient, s\u2019est enr\u00f4l\u00e9 pour prendre part \u00e0 la Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale en novembre 1915. Il a servi au sein des 104e<\/sup> et 236e<\/sup> bataillons en tant que soldat, puis a \u00e9t\u00e9 lib\u00e9r\u00e9 en 1919 apr\u00e8s avoir combattu\r\n\ten France et en Belgique. <\/p>\r\n Archie \u00e9tait un correspondant prolifique. Tout au long de son service durant la Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale, il a \u00e9crit plus d\u2019une centaine de lettres \u00e0 son p\u00e8re John et \u00e0 ses s\u0153urs Katie et Annie. Il tenait aussi un journal dans lequel il \u00e9crivait chaque\r\n\tjour.<\/p>","en.content":" John Archibald MacNaughton was born in Black River Bridge, New Brunswick in October 1896. He had two sisters, Katie and Annie.\u00a0\r\n\t Archie, as he was called by all who knew him, enlisted in the First World War in November 1915. He served with the 104th and 236th battalions as a private, and was discharged in 1919 after fighting in France and Belgium.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n Archie was a prolific writer. Throughout his service in the First World War, he wrote over a hundred letters home to his father John and his sisters Katie and Annie. He also kept a regular daily diary.\r\n\t Archie est rentr\u00e9 \u00e0 Black River Bridge, o\u00f9 il a \u00e9pous\u00e9 Grace, avec laquelle il a \u00e9lev\u00e9 deux enfants (Francis et Margie). Il cultivait ses terres dans une communaut\u00e9 dont il \u00e9tait un membre actif et aim\u00e9 par tous ceux qui le c\u00f4toyaient. Fervent chr\u00e9tien, il a enseign\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e9cole du dimanche. Il allait aux camps d\u2019instruction d\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9 tenus chaque ann\u00e9e par le North Shore Regiment du Nouveau-Brunswick. Il y a gravi les \u00e9chelons et gagn\u00e9 l\u2019estime de son groupe. En 1939, pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Archie s\u2019est engag\u00e9 de nouveau dans l\u2019arm\u00e9e. Alors \u00e2g\u00e9 de 42 ans, il \u00e9tait prompt \u00e0 s\u2019acquitter de son devoir envers son pays et ses hommes. Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 major en septembre 1940. En 1942, il a re\u00e7u un prix soulignant son service prolong\u00e9. <\/p> Son r\u00e9giment bas\u00e9 \u00e0 Aldershot suivait un entra\u00eenement approfondi, et Archie veillait tout sp\u00e9cialement \u00e0 ce que ses hommes paraissent parfaitement et aient une tenue de soldat. De leur c\u00f4t\u00e9, ses hommes le respectaient et l\u2019admiraient peut-\u00eatre plus que tout autre officier du r\u00e9giment.<\/p>","en.content":" In 1939, he enlisted in the Second World War at the age of 42, quick to do his duty for his country and his men. By September 1940, he had earned the rank of Major. In 1942, he received the Extended Service Award.\r\n<\/p> \r\n\r\nBased in Aldershot, the regiment underwent extensive training with Archie always taking special care to ensure that his men were the best in appearance and soldierly bearing. In return, the men respected and admired him perhaps more than any other\tofficer in the regiment.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":7,"background":"transparent","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["a347352e-8bb8-4ce8-a295-3316272c9fc0","2e65fb55-6139-4b5a-8a06-4413aa91dba7","040985e1-09c2-4da4-93f6-c0f6e9b946d9","b7e81f8c-0e70-4a33-847b-7e99c576f23e","20410333-6e2a-4981-b56f-29be7414a7a7"]}},{"template":"artifact-feature","classes":"","position":8,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifact":["693a6dd6-d60c-49ba-87e5-c87e3f11a08c"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":10,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":" Archie \u00e9tait le commandant de la compagnie \u00ab A \u00bb, du North Shore Regiment du Nouveau-Brunswick. En ao\u00fbt 1941, au cours d\u2019un exercice d\u2019entra\u00eenement, sa compagnie avait \u00e9t\u00e9 choisie pour subir une inspection par le g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Andrew McNaughton. Cet \u00e9v\u00e9nement est d\u00e9crit dans le magazine Canada\u2019s Weekly<\/i>, dans un journal du Nouveau-Brunswick et dans une lettre d\u2019Archie \u00e0 Grace. Archie was the Company Commander for 'A' Company of the North Shore (New Brunswick) Regiment. In August of 1941, during a training exercise, they were selected to be inspected by General Andrew McNaughton. This event was described in Canada's Weekly<\/i> magazine, a New Brunswick Newspaper, and in a letter Archie wrote to Grace.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":11,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["0e333c4c-6ef6-4a05-bbfb-f3d9de437056","36118f79-bece-43ab-bbe9-74736ff979b8","3e9cdb6b-58e9-4679-b83b-33741d4abbbe"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":12,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":" Le lieutenant-colonel D.B. Buell, officier commandant des North Shores, a plusieurs fois offert \u00e0 Archie la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019une retraite avant le jour J ou d\u2019un retour vers la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 relative de la Grande-Bretagne ou du Canada \u00e0 un poste de formateur. Archie \u00e9tait \u00e2g\u00e9 de 47 ans et avait d\u00e9j\u00e0 servi dans une guerre. Personne n\u2019aurait critiqu\u00e9 une \u00e9ventuelle d\u00e9cision d\u2019accepter l\u2019offre de Buell. Mais Archie a toujours refus\u00e9, tenant absolument \u00e0 diriger ses hommes dans la bataille. Ceux-ci le percevaient comme une figure paternelle, et il les traitait comme des fr\u00e8res et des fils. Dans une lettre dat\u00e9e du 18 juillet 1943, les hommes de la compagnie \u00ab A \u00bb \u00e9crivent \u00e0 Archie :<\/p> \u00ab Nous qui avons eu l\u2019honneur et le privil\u00e8ge de servir sous votre commandement nous souviendrons toujours de vous comme d\u2019un dirigeant fiable, qui \u00e9tait aussi un ami et un p\u00e8re pour nous lorsque nous avions besoin d\u2019aide ou de conseils. \u00bb<\/p> Archie a maintenu l\u2019habitude d\u2019\u00e9crire des lettres, qu\u2019il avait d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e durant la Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale. Il a \u00e9crit \u00e0 Grace des centaines de lettres alors qu\u2019il \u00e9tait loin du foyer. Deux jours avant l\u2019invasion, le 4 juin, il \u00e9crivait \u00e0 son \u00e9pouse : \u00ab Ne t\u2019inqui\u00e8te pas si tu n\u2019as pas de mes nouvelles pendant quelques jours... Ce fut une p\u00e9riode charg\u00e9e, mais je suis tr\u00e8s heureux de l\u2019avoir v\u00e9cue. Peu importe la suite des choses. \u00bb<\/p>","en.content":" Lieutenant-Colonel D.B. Buell, commanding officer of the North Shores, several times offered Archie the opportunity to retire prior to D-Day or to return to the relative safety of Britain or Canada in a training role. Archie was 47 and had already served\r\n\tin a previous war. No one would have begrudged him the decision to accept Buell\u2019s offers. But he consistently refused, insistent on leading his men into battle. They saw him as a father figure and he treated them as brothers and sons. In a\r\n\tletter dated 18 July 1943, the men of 'A' Company wrote to Archie:\r\n<\/p> \"We who have had the honour and privilege of serving under you will always remember you as a commander who we trusted as a leader, and who was a friend and father to us when we needed help or guidance.\"\r\n<\/p> Archie continued his habit of letter writing from the First World War. He wrote Grace hundreds of letters while he was away from home. Two days before the invasion, on 4 June, he wrote to his wife, \u201cDon\u2019t worry if you don\u2019t hear from me for some time\u2026This\thas been a busy time, but I am awful glad I was in it. No matter how things go.\u201d<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":14,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["43a22731-32a2-43c0-b39d-c8fb1e66dc65","29c6720c-5b69-4e82-bec6-778415afdfc2"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":15,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":" Le 6 juin 1944, le jour J, les North Shores participent \u00e0 l\u2019assaut sur la plage Juno, dans le village c\u00f4tier de Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer. L\u2019historien Marc Milner a fait mention de la compagnie \u00ab A \u00bb de MacNaughton comme de \u00ab la premi\u00e8re compagnie d\u2019assaut de la 3e<\/sup> division enti\u00e8re \u00bb. Ses hommes ont tenu leur promesse gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019instruction m\u00e9ticuleuse d\u2019Archie, \u00e0 un leadership courageux et \u00e0 la bravoure personnelle de chacun. La compagnie \u00ab A \u00bb a subi 50 pertes ce jour-l\u00e0. M\u00eame si une balle avait transperc\u00e9 sa main durant les premi\u00e8res tentatives de d\u00e9barquement, Archie a pers\u00e9v\u00e9r\u00e9 et guid\u00e9 ses hommes au-del\u00e0 du village. Un officier du North Shore Regiment se rappelle que voyant ses hommes r\u00e9ussir avec tant de succ\u00e8s leur mission, Archie \u00e9tait \u00ab tout sourire \u00bb. Le r\u00e9giment a toutefois d\u00fb faire face \u00e0 une r\u00e9sistance inattendue dans le village voisin de Tailleville. Parmi environ 800 hommes du r\u00e9giment ayant d\u00e9barqu\u00e9 ce jour-l\u00e0, 125 victimes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 compt\u00e9es, dont 34 qui ont perdu la vie. Le seul officier du r\u00e9giment tu\u00e9, par le feu d\u2019une mitrailleuse allemande \u00e0 Tailleville, a \u00e9t\u00e9 le major John Archibald MacNaughton. In a letter dated 3 August 1941, Archie wrote to Grace:<\/p>\r\n \"I don\u2019t dread the future for myself for life will bring what is mapped out for us. I just wonder about those we have left behind. You have the hard part, but all we can do is trust the future, make the best of life as we meet it.\"<\/p>\r\n After hearing of the loss of her husband, letters Grace wrote to friends and family attest to the fact that she certainly did have the hard part. She was left with two children and a farm she couldn't maintain. To her brother Mack, on 5 July 1944, she\r\n\twrote:<\/p>\r\n \"He was such a good husband and father, and we had so many plans made for the future. I had hoped right up to the last that he wouldn\u2019t go into action\u2026 I hardly know which way to turn. I can\u2019t think yet. I was working so hard to keep the place going for\r\n\tArchie and now there seems to be nothing to work for.\"\u00a0<\/p>\r\n She wore her Silver Cross with pride, eventually moving to Edmonton with her family. In the 1960s, she would finally get a chance to visit her beloved Archie's grave, saying one final goodbye.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n Today, Margie, Archie's daughter - only 5 years old the last time she saw her father - still misses him, and wonders how different her life would have been if she had known him better. \"He was a good man, and I only hope that I turned out half as good as he was.\"<\/p>","fr.content":" Dans une lettre dat\u00e9e du 3 ao\u00fbt 1941, Archie \u00e9crit \u00e0 Grace :<\/p> \u00ab Je n\u2019appr\u00e9hende pas ce qu\u2019il adviendra de ma personne, car la vie nous apporte l\u2019avenir qui nous est r\u00e9serv\u00e9. Je m\u2019inqui\u00e8te seulement de ceux que nous avons laiss\u00e9s derri\u00e8re. Tu as tir\u00e9 le mauvais num\u00e9ro, mais il nous faut croire en l\u2019avenir et bien profiter de la vie au jour le jour. \u00bb<\/p> Apr\u00e8s avoir appris la perte de son mari, Grace \u00e9crit \u00e0 des amis et \u00e0 des proches au sujet de ses \u00e9preuves t\u00e9moignant qu\u2019elle avait eu le mauvais num\u00e9ro. Elle se retrouvait seule avec deux enfants et une ferme dont elle ne pouvait s\u2019occuper. Le 5 juillet 1944, elle \u00e9crit \u00e0 son fr\u00e8re Mack :<\/p> \u00ab Il \u00e9tait un si bon mari, bon p\u00e8re, et nous avions tant de plans pour l\u2019avenir. J\u2019ai esp\u00e9r\u00e9 jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la toute fin qu\u2019il ne partirait pas sur le champ de bataille... Je ne sais plus quoi faire maintenant. Je n\u2019arrive plus \u00e0 penser. Je faisais tout pour garder les choses en place en vue du retour d\u2019Archie, et tout cela semble bien vain d\u00e9sormais. \u00bb <\/p> Elle a port\u00e9 sa croix d\u2019argent avec fiert\u00e9, et a fini par d\u00e9m\u00e9nager avec sa famille \u00e0 Edmonton. Dans les ann\u00e9es 1960, elle a enfin eu la possibilit\u00e9 de visiter la tombe de son cher Archie pour lui faire ses adieux. <\/p> Aujourd\u2019hui, Margie, la fille d\u2019Archie, qui n\u2019avait que 5 ans lors du d\u00e9part de celui-ci, s\u2019ennuie toujours et se demande comment se serait d\u00e9roul\u00e9e sa vie si elle avait davantage connu son p\u00e8re. \u00ab C\u2019\u00e9tait un homme bon, et j\u2019esp\u00e8re pouvoir atteindre au moins la moiti\u00e9 de sa bont\u00e9. \u00bb<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-feature","classes":"","position":18,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifact":["e86c6c76-a961-4b53-a9f0-123cc3701d65"]}},{"template":"artifact-feature","classes":"","position":19,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifact":["0684f437-1e9c-4f0a-ae48-e799f8779a50"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":20,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":" Nous remercions la famille du major J. Archie MacNaughton, qui nous a permis de faire conna\u00eetre son histoire.<\/i><\/b><\/p> Historica Canada, avec l'appui de l'Association du Centre Juno Beach et de la famille d'Archie, a r\u00e9cemment diffus\u00e9 une nouvelle <\/i>Minute du patrimoine qui raconte l\u2019histoire d\u2019Archie. <\/i>Vous pouvez la visionner sur le site Web d'Historica Canada<\/a> (externe).<\/i><\/b><\/p>","en.content":" Thank you to the family of Major J. Archie MacNaughton for allowing us to share his story. <\/i><\/b><\/p>\r\n Historica Canada, with the support of the Juno Beach Association and Archie's family, released D-Day <\/i>Heritage Minute which tells Archie's story. <\/i>You can watch it here on Historica Canada's website<\/a> (external). <\/i><\/b><\/p>"},"media":[]}],"translations":{"en":{"title":"John Archibald MacNaughton","slug":"archie-macnaughton","heading":"\"Archie\"","quote":"\"I am awful glad I was in it. No matter how things go...\"","quote_source":"Archie to his wife Grace, in a letter dated 4 June 1944","sources":"","seo_title":"John Archibald MacNaughton","seo_description":"John Archibald MacNaughton was born in Black River Bridge, New Brunswick in October 1896. He had two sisters, Katie and Annie."},"fr":{"title":"John Archibald MacNaughton","slug":"archie-macnaughton-fr","heading":"\u00ab Archie \u00bb","quote":"\u00ab Je suis si heureux de prendre part \u00e0 cela. Peu importe la suite des choses. \u00bb","quote_source":"Archie MacNaughton, dans une lettre \u00e0 son \u00e9pouse Grace \u00e9crite le 4 juin 1944","sources":"","seo_title":"John Archibald MacNaughton","seo_description":"John Archibald MacNaughton est n\u00e9 \u00e0 Black River Bridge, au Nouveau-Brunswick, en octobre 1896. Il avait deux s\u0153urs, Katie et Annie."}},"media":{"feature":["19817b49-d2fe-43f6-96f1-dc4c2cb33ae1"],"thumbnail":["693a6dd6-d60c-49ba-87e5-c87e3f11a08c"]}},"42b387ba-bea0-4819-a314-03ed9a61eac1":{"id":"42b387ba-bea0-4819-a314-03ed9a61eac1","timeline_date":"1937-05-19 00:00:00","type":"narrative","title":"Indigenous Involvement in the World Wars","slug":"indigenous-involvement-world-wars","heading":"A Disproportionate Contribution","quote":"\"When I served overseas I was a Canadian. When I came home I was an Indian.\u201d","quote_source":"Indigenous Veteran, quoted in Janet Frances Davison, \u201cWe Shall Remember: Canadian Indians and World War II\u201d Dissertation. Trent University. 1993: 85.","sources":" Indigenous involvement in the World Wars has often been overlooked in Canadian history. In many ways, this has to do with the fact that there were no segregated First Nations units, meaning their contributions can fade into the larger non-Indigenous narrative.\r\n\tYet, this oversight is disrespectful to those men and women who served, especially considering that they did so in a time when Indigenous people were not considered Canadian citizens (a status only granted in 1960) and oftentimes they lost their Treaty\r\n\tand status rights when enlisting in the First World War.\u00a0 Beyond that, upon returning home, veterans were released into Indian Agent custody and, after the First World War, did not receive any benefits; after the Second World War, they received\r\n\tno or lesser benefits in comparison to non-Indigenous veterans. Indeed, many First Nations communities lost resources in the wake of the wars so that the Government could fulfill their promises to non-Indigenous veterans. In 1919, the Soldier Settlement\r\n\tBoard \u201cacquired over 85,000 acres of reserve land in Western Canada for non-Aboriginal soldier settlement.\u201d\u00a0 All this, while still having to fight for autonomy and the right to govern their own lives.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":2,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["55a2ea39-e8a1-4d14-abe6-a8d4336b5391","b3ffc150-85b9-4c80-aa19-347fb146daba","f78df25f-a7dc-4e60-8062-2fd26ce45d10","1d54548e-0550-4d3c-a583-aa0b68eb79ec"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":3,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":"Malgr\u00e9 ces injustices, plus de 3 500 Indiens inscrits ont servi au cours de la Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale, soit le tiers de ceux ayant l\u2019\u00e2ge requis; durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, ce fut plus de 3 000 hommes et au moins 72 femmes. Ces chiffres ne comprennent pas les Indiens non inscrits, les Inuits ou les M\u00e9tis, de sorte qu\u2019on ne conna\u00eet pas le nombre r\u00e9el de personnes qui ont servi. Les guerres ont offert \u00e0 quelques Autochtones une exp\u00e9rience unique. En se joignant \u00e0 l\u2019arm\u00e9e, ils ont acquis de nouvelles libert\u00e9s qui \u00e9taient hors de leur port\u00e9e en raison des dures r\u00e9alit\u00e9s de la vie sous le r\u00e9gime de la Loi sur les Indiens<\/i> de 1876 et, par cons\u00e9quent, de la surveillance des agents des Indiens. Leur int\u00e9gration dans les unit\u00e9s g\u00e9n\u00e9rales canadiennes a \u00e9t\u00e9 un facteur propice \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9, ce qu\u2019ils n\u2019avaient pas connu chez eux. Comme l\u2019a fait remarquer l'ancien combattant Howard Sinclair Anderson dans le cadre du Projet M\u00e9moire : \u00ab L\u2019arm\u00e9e a \u00e9t\u00e9 bonne pour nous, vrai de vrai. Il n\u2019y avait pas vraiment de discrimination, nous en faisions partie en soldats et c\u2019est \u00e0 ce titre qu\u2019on nous traitait. Au moins, ils ne se limitaient pas au fait que nous \u00e9tions des Indiens, comme s'il n'y avait que cela, vous savez; ils nous regardaient aller et si nous \u00e9tions bons dans quelque chose, ils nous y mettaient. \u00bb Anderson s'\u00e9tait enr\u00f4l\u00e9 apr\u00e8s que George Gordon, chef de Premi\u00e8re Nation et v\u00e9t\u00e9ran de la Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale lui-m\u00eame, ait encourag\u00e9 les jeunes hommes \u00e0 se porter volontaires. Un autre ancien combattant s'est confi\u00e9 en ces mots : \u00ab Lorsque j\u2019ai servi \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, j\u2019\u00e9tais un Canadien. Quand je suis revenu au pays, j\u2019\u00e9tais un Indien. \u00bb Ce genre de traitement au cours des guerres et au retour au pays est, de fa\u00e7on g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, assez singulier. Un nombre appr\u00e9ciable de gens des Premi\u00e8res Nations l\u2019ont pourtant subi.","en.content":"Despite these injustices, over 3,500 status Indians served in the First World War, or a third of status Indian men of age; in the Second World War over 3,000 men served, and at least 72 women. These numbers do not include non-status Indians, Inuit, or\r\nM\u00e9tis people, making the actual numbers of those who served unknown. The Wars offered a unique experience for First Nations people: joining the military offered new freedoms that they had been unable to partake in due to the harsh realities of living\r\nunder the 1876 Indian Act and the consequent supervision of Indian Agents. The integration into the general Canadian units encouraged equality that they did not experience at home. As veteran Howard Sinclair Anderson told The Memory Project, \u201cThe Army\r\nwas good to us, really and truly. There was no discrimination really that, we were right in there, as a soldier and that\u2019s how we were treated\u2026 At least they didn\u2019t just look at, that you\u2019re an Indian and you\u2019ll just, you know, they gave you, if you were\r\ngood at something, they put you there.\u201d Anderson had enlisted after the chief of George Gordon First Nations, a First World War veteran himself, had encouraged the young men to volunteer. Another veteran said, \u201cWhen I served overseas I was a Canadian.\r\nWhen I came home I was an Indian.\u201d This kind of treatment in the Wars and upon returning home is, in a general sense, a unique one, and yet one faced by a substantial amount of First Nations people."},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":4,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["bf4a25dc-8326-4ecb-a4c7-d70e3685610d","8bfa2e1c-edab-4369-90fd-f307f9f0071b","94195203-af07-418a-9a08-3edd8df07b98"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":5,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":"En raison du grand nombre de personnes qui ont servi et des liens relationnels \u00e9troits dans les collectivit\u00e9s des Premi\u00e8res Nations, les histoires des attaches personnelles, familiales et communautaires de ceux qui ont servi au cours des Premi\u00e8re et Seconde\r\nGuerres mondiales sont nombreuses. Dans certains cas, comme celui du chef Joe Dreaver de la bande crie de Mistawasis, cela signifiait avoir servi dans les deux guerres, \u00eatre rejoint au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale par son fils et plusieurs de ses\r\nfilles. Pour d\u2019autres, comme la famille Anderson de la Premi\u00e8re Nation George Gordon, cela signifiait des p\u00e8res et des fils militaires, par exemple David Anderson au cours de la Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale et Howard Anderson au cours de la Seconde. Pour\r\nnombre d\u2019autres collectivit\u00e9s, on trouvait des exemples vraiment consid\u00e9rables de service. Dans la r\u00e9serve Six Nations Grand River, nombre de personnes ont servi dans les deux guerres, notamment le brigadier Oliver Milton Martin, qui a atteint le plus\r\nhaut grade obtenu par un Autochtone, combattant dans la Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale et formant les recrues dans la Seconde. Dans le cas de la Premi\u00e8re Nation Siksika, il s\u2019agissait davantage d\u2019une histoire communautaire. Mike Foxhead \u00e9tait de toute \u00e9vidence\r\nle seul ayant combattu dans la Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale, m\u00eame s\u2019il n\u2019\u00e9tait pas le seul \u00e0 s\u2019\u00eatre enr\u00f4l\u00e9, mais nombre d\u2019autres, notamment Mark Wolfleg p\u00e8re et Gordon Yellowfly ont servi dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Les familles Foxhead et Wolfleg\r\nsont li\u00e9es par le mariage et les r\u00e9cits de courage et de bravoure au combat, de pratiques spirituelles et de soutien communautaire sont indissociables de leurs histoires.","en.content":"Due to the large number of those who served, and the close-knit relational ties in First Nation communities, the stories of individual, familial and community connections of those who served in First and Second World Wars are numerous. In some instances,\r\nlike that of Chief Joe Dreaver from Mistawasis Cree Band, that meant serving in both wars, joined in the Second World War by his son and several of his daughters. For others, like the Anderson family from George Gordon First Nation, that meant fathers\r\nand sons serving, such as David Anderson serving in the First War, and Howard Anderson serving in the Second. For many other communities, there were truly large examples of service. Six Nations Grand River Reserve had substantial amounts of people serving\r\nin both wars, including Brigadier Oliver Milton Martin, who achieved the highest rank held by an Indigenous person, fighting in the First War and training recruits in the Second. For Siksika First Nation, there was more of a community story. Mike Foxhead\r\nwas evidently the only one who fought in the First War, though not the only to enlist; many more, including Mark Wolfleg Sr. and Gordon Yellowfly, served in the Second World War. The Foxhead family and the Wolfleg family are connected through marriage,\r\nand the tales of courage and bravery in battle, of spiritual practices and community support are woven throughout their stories."},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":6,"background":"transparent","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["9ee6f236-9475-4134-ae08-98c23a431f14","fd6a35dd-18ad-4efd-9146-684529904bae","66aac00f-1aaa-4449-ab2f-2814cb8a0c9c","c04ae54f-7bbf-4a02-b83e-4772f2a920fb","18b0c88e-35e8-474c-9901-7ddfa7f8b189","513d6cfa-dd92-4291-8b54-7ac708a32fb2"]}}],"translations":{"en":{"title":"Indigenous Involvement in the World Wars","slug":"indigenous-involvement-world-wars","heading":"A Disproportionate Contribution","quote":"\"When I served overseas I was a Canadian. When I came home I was an Indian.\u201d","quote_source":"Indigenous Veteran, quoted in Janet Frances Davison, \u201cWe Shall Remember: Canadian Indians and World War II\u201d Dissertation. Trent University. 1993: 85.","sources":" Apr\u00e8s la d\u00e9faite allemande et l\u2019occupation de la France amorc\u00e9e en 1940, les Alli\u00e9s planifient la lib\u00e9ration de l\u2019Europe de l\u2019Ouest au moyen d\u2019un assaut amphibie lanc\u00e9 \u00e0 partir du sud de l\u2019Angleterre. Une fois rassembl\u00e9s des hommes, des v\u00e9hicules, des\r\n\ta\u00e9ronefs, des navires et des fournitures militaires de toutes sortes, une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e d\u2019officiers am\u00e9ricains et britanniques commence donc \u00e0 orchestrer, en avril 1943, l\u2019\u00e9ventuelle op\u00e9ration OVERLORD \u2013 la plus grande et la plus complexe invasion\r\n\tpar voie de mer jamais entreprise.<\/p>\r\n Les d\u00e9barquements auraient lieu en Normandie, \u00e0 cinq plages distinctes, connues sous leur nom de code : (de l\u2019ouest vers l\u2019est) UTAH, OMAHA, GOLD, JUNO, SWORD. Les deux premi\u00e8res plages se trouvaient dans le secteur am\u00e9ricain et les trois autres dans\r\n\tle secteur britannique. Les Canadiens avaient pour mandat l\u2019attaque sur JUNO. Toutes deux canadiennes, la 3e<\/sup> division d\u2019infanterie et la 2e<\/sup> brigade blind\u00e9e \u2013 cette derni\u00e8re utilisant des chars Sherman modifi\u00e9s par l\u2019ajout d\u2019h\u00e9lices\r\n\tpour \u00ab nager \u00bb jusqu\u2019au rivage \u2013 d\u00e9barqueraient sur un front de mer de sept kilom\u00e8tres comprenant les villages c\u00f4tiers de Vaux, Graye-sur-Mer, Courseulles-sur-Mer, Berni\u00e8res-sur-Mer et Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer. Le plan mobilisait les Canadiens pour la s\u00e9curisation\r\n\tde cette zone, une avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur des terres d\u2019une quinzaine de kilom\u00e8tres et l\u2019\u00e9tablissement de liens avec les forces britanniques de part et d\u2019autre. Les Canadiens se sont entra\u00een\u00e9s pendant des mois en vue de l\u2019assaut, utilisant des engins de\r\n\td\u00e9barquement sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s et se livrant \u00e0 plusieurs exercices importants et \u00e0 des r\u00e9p\u00e9titions g\u00e9n\u00e9rales en \u00c9cosse. Outre ces forces, environ 450 parachutistes du 1er<\/sup> bataillon canadien de parachutistes, servant au sein de la 6e<\/sup> division\r\n\ta\u00e9roport\u00e9e britannique, se pr\u00e9paraient \u00e0 attaquer des cibles de communication et de transport cl\u00e9s derri\u00e8re les lignes ennemies avant les d\u00e9barquements r\u00e9els.<\/p>\r\n Entre-temps, les Allemands fortifiaient la totalit\u00e9 des rives de l\u2019Europe occidentale, construisant des structures d\u00e9fensives regroup\u00e9es : le \u00ab mur de l\u2019Atlantique \u00bb. En Normandie, les bastions allemands sur les plages consistaient en un complexe et dense\r\n\tr\u00e9seau de champs de mines, de fils de fer barbel\u00e9 et d\u2019obstacles submerg\u00e9s, con\u00e7us pour endommager ou couler les p\u00e9niches de d\u00e9barquement. En faisaient partie des bunkers en b\u00e9ton arm\u00e9 face \u00e0 la mer qui abritaient des mitrailleuses et des canons de calibre\r\n\tpetit ou moyen, de m\u00eame qu\u2019une s\u00e9rie de labyrinthes jalonn\u00e9s de bunkers de communication, de nids de mitrailleuses, de positions de mortiers ainsi que d\u2019entrep\u00f4ts et de chambres personnelles reli\u00e9s aux tranch\u00e9es d\u00e9fendues par des tunnels. Les zones de\r\n\td\u00e9barquement \u00e9taient aussi susceptibles de subir les tirs d\u2019artillerie allemands \u00e0 plus longue port\u00e9e \u00e0 partir de l\u2019int\u00e9rieur des terres. La c\u00f4te normande serait une \u00ab noix difficile \u00e0 casser \u00bb.<\/p>","en.content":" \r\n\tAfter German defeat and occupation of France in 1940, the Allies began planning to liberate Western Europe through an amphibious assault launched from southern England. After a massive build-up of men, vehicles, aircraft, ships, and military supplies\r\n\tof all kinds, a combined American and British staff began planning in April 1943 for Operation OVERLORD, the most complex and large-scale seaborne invasion ever undertaken.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tThe landings would be made in Normandy, at five separate assault beaches codenamed, from west to east, UTAH, OMAHA, GOLD, JUNO, and SWORD. The first two were in the American sector and the remaining three in the British sector, with the Canadians responsible\r\n\tfor assaulting JUNO. The 3rd Canadian Infantry Division and the 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade, the latter using water-proofed Sherman tanks modified with the addition of propellers to \u2018swim\u2019 ashore, would land on a seven-kilometre frontage which included\r\n\tthe seaside villages of Vaux, Graye-sur-Mer, Courseulles-sur-Mer, Berni\u00e8res-sur-Mer, and St. Aubin-sur-Mer. The plan called for the Canadians to secure this area, strike inland about 15 kilometres, and link up with British forces on either side of them.\r\n\tThe Canadians trained for their assault for months using specialized landing craft, engaging in several major exercises and dress rehearsals in Scotland. In addition to these forces, about 450 paratroopers of the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, serving\r\n\tin the British 6th Airborne Division, were preparing to attack key communication and transportation targets behind enemy lines in advance of the actual landings.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tIn the meantime, the Germans fortified the entire coastline of Western Europe, constructing defensive measures known collectively as the Atlantic Wall. In Normandy, German beach defences were sophisticated and consisted of a dense network of minefields,\r\n\tbarbed wire, submerged obstacles designed to damage or sink landing craft, beachfront steel-reinforced concrete bunkers housing machine guns and small- and medium-calibre cannons, and mazes of communications bunkers, machine-gun pits, mortar positions,\r\n\tand underground storage and personnel chambers linked by tunnels to defended trenches. The landing areas were also subject to longer-range German artillery set further inland. The Normandy coast would be a tough nut to crack.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":4,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["d72b7c74-86a5-4a66-a8f7-0133258af6f3","fb66d906-31dd-4a4b-98ae-2c67d81c909e"]}},{"template":"artifact-feature","classes":"","position":5,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifact":["303b40a8-ca99-4eef-a5f0-7346bb708ecf"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":7,"background":"transparent","meta":{"en.content":" \r\n\tOn the evening of 5 June, the massive 6,000-ship invasion armada assembled in the middle of the English Channel; the fleet comprised landing ships and craft of every conceivable kind shepherded by a dense screen of warships tasked with suppressing enemy\r\n\tbeach defences, providing anti-aircraft and anti-submarine protection, and clearing safe approaches through minefields. About 110 ships of the Royal Canadian Navy, crewed by more than 10,000 sailors, participated in these activities. In the air, thousands\r\n\tof Allied aircraft bombed enemy coastal positions and inland targets, dominated the skies over the landing zones, transported the paratroopers to their assigned targets, undertook anti-submarine patrols, and flew numerous photo-reconnaissance missions.\r\n\tAmong these were some 39 squadrons of the Royal Canadian Air Force assigned directly or indirectly to supporting Operation OVERLORD, totalling about 500 aircraft. Moreover, thousands of Canadians served as aircrew in British squadrons.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tAt about 8:00AM on 6 June, in very choppy seas and beneath menacing, overcast skies, the Canadians landed from their assault landing craft on French soil under heavy enemy fire. Many of the men had been seasick but, with a rising tide behind them, they\r\n\traced nearly 150 metres for the relative safety of the sand dunes and concrete seawall. The 7th Infantry Brigade (The Royal Winnipeg Rifles, The Regina Rifle Regiment, and The Canadian Scottish) landed at and around Courseulles-sur-Mer, a sector code-named\r\n\t\u201cMike\u201d; they were supported by Sherman tanks of the 6th Armoured Regiment (The 1st Hussars). The 8th Infantry Brigade (The Queen\u2019s Own Rifles of Canada, The North Shore (New Brunswick) Regiment, and Le R\u00e9giment de la Chaudi\u00e8re) landed at Berni\u00e8res-sur-Mer\r\n\tand St-Aubin-sur-Mer, codenamed \u201cNan\u201d sector, supported by the tanks of the 10th Armoured Regiment (The Fort Garry Horse). The 9th Infantry Brigade (The Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders, The North Nova Scotia Highlanders, and The Highland Light\r\n\tInfantry) was held in reserve and landed at Berni\u00e8res around midday, as did the 27th Armoured Regiment (The Sherbrooke Fusiliers). The Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa provided mortar and heavy machine-gun support throughout the landing, in all sectors.<\/p>","fr.content":" Le 5 juin en soir\u00e9e, l\u2019imposante armada de 6 000 navires par\u00e9s pour l\u2019invasion \u00e9tait rassembl\u00e9e au milieu de la Manche; la flotte comprenait des navires et p\u00e9niches de d\u00e9barquement de tous les types imaginables, guid\u00e9s par un dense groupe de navires de\r\n\tguerre ayant pour mandat de supprimer les d\u00e9fenses ennemies sur les plages, de fournir une protection antia\u00e9rienne et anti-sous-marine, et de rep\u00e9rer des voies s\u00fbres \u00e0 travers les champs de mines. Environ 110 navires de la Marine royale du Canada, op\u00e9r\u00e9s\r\n\tpar plus de 10 000 marins, ont pris part \u00e0 ces op\u00e9rations. Au-dessus d\u2019eux, des milliers d\u2019a\u00e9ronefs alli\u00e9s bombardaient les positions c\u00f4ti\u00e8res ennemies et les cibles \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur des terres, dominaient l\u2019espace a\u00e9rien sur les zones de d\u00e9barquement,\r\n\ttransportaient les parachutistes vers leurs postes attribu\u00e9s, entreprenaient des patrouilles anti-sous-marines et effectuaient de nombreuses missions de photo-reconnaissance. Trente-neuf escadrons de l\u2019Aviation royale du Canada devant soutenir directement\r\n\tou indirectement l\u2019op\u00e9ration OVERLOAD se trouvaient parmi eux, pour un total d\u2019environ 500 appareils. De plus, des milliers de Canadiens servaient comme membres d\u2019\u00e9quipage d\u2019escadrons britanniques.<\/p>\r\n Vers 8 h, le 6 juin, dans une mer houleuse et sous un ciel mena\u00e7ant et couvert, les Canadiens d\u00e9barquaient de leur p\u00e9niche d\u2019assaut sur le sol fran\u00e7ais, sous des tirs ennemis nourris. Bon nombre d\u2019entre eux avaient eu le mal de mer, mais, la mar\u00e9e montant\r\n\tderri\u00e8re eux, ils ont couru sur pr\u00e8s de 150 m\u00e8tres vers la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 relative des dunes de sable et des digues en b\u00e9ton. La 7e<\/sup> brigade d\u2019infanterie (Royal Winnipeg Rifles, Regina Rifle Regiment et Canadian Scottish) a d\u00e9barqu\u00e9 \u00e0 Courseulles-sur-Mer\r\n\tet dans ses environs, dans un secteur dont le nom de code \u00e9tait \u00ab Mike \u00bb; elle avait le soutien de chars Sherman du 6e<\/sup> r\u00e9giment blind\u00e9 (1st<\/sup> Hussars). La 8e<\/sup> brigade d\u2019infanterie (Queen\u2019s Own Rifles of Canada, North Shore\r\n\t(New Brunswick) Regiment et R\u00e9giment de la Chaudi\u00e8re) a d\u00e9barqu\u00e9 \u00e0 Berni\u00e8res-sur-Mer et \u00e0 Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer, dans un secteur dont le nom de code \u00e9tait \u00ab Nan \u00bb; elle avait le soutien de chars d\u2019assaut du 10e<\/sup> r\u00e9giment blind\u00e9 (Fort Garry Horse).\r\n\tLa 9e<\/sup> brigade d\u2019infanterie (Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders, North Nova Scotia Highlanders, et Highland Light Infantry) avait \u00e9t\u00e9 gard\u00e9e en r\u00e9serve. Elle a d\u00e9barqu\u00e9 \u00e0 Berni\u00e8res vers midi, tout comme le 27e<\/sup> r\u00e9giment blind\u00e9\r\n\t(Sherbrooke Fusiliers). Les Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa ont fourni un soutien de mortiers et de lourds tirs de mitrailleuses tout au long des d\u00e9barquements, dans tous les secteurs.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":8,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["85353b3e-e4a3-4194-bdf1-18f8b98c19f1","9cc497a7-a9a5-411a-ab73-c2d6f2872dbf","ea02adfc-957e-4139-b781-3c1321c30e19"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":9,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":" La lutte pour conqu\u00e9rir la plage Juno et les villages environnants a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e2pre et co\u00fbteuse. Malgr\u00e9 les bombardements intenses de l\u2019aviation et de la marine, les Allemands ont r\u00e9sist\u00e9 f\u00e9rocement et des dizaines de Canadiens ont perdu la vie ou ont \u00e9t\u00e9\r\n\tbless\u00e9s dans les premi\u00e8res minutes du d\u00e9barquement.<\/p>\r\n \u00c0 Courseulles-sur-Mer, les Royal Winnipeg Rifles ont pris d\u2019assaut des bunkers ennemis et des positions de mitrailleuses intacts, et les pertes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 lourdes. Le capitaine John Wilson Powell des 1st<\/sup> Hussars est arriv\u00e9 \u00e0 terre \u00e0 environ 8 h et son char\r\n\td\u2019assaut a \u00e9t\u00e9 imm\u00e9diatement pris comme cible par un canon antichar prot\u00e9g\u00e9 dans un bunker de b\u00e9ton. Son char d\u2019assaut a \u00e9t\u00e9 frapp\u00e9 trois fois et son canon principal, mis hors d\u2019\u00e9tat. Bless\u00e9, Powell a men\u00e9 un assaut sur la position ennemie et la mitrailleuse\r\n\tde son char Sherman a \u00e9limin\u00e9 la menace. Powell a re\u00e7u la Croix militaire, l\u2019une des tr\u00e8s nombreuses d\u00e9corations de bravoure remport\u00e9es par les Canadiens ce jour-l\u00e0.<\/p>\r\n \u00c0 Berni\u00e8res-sur-Mer, les Queen\u2019s Own Rifles ont pris pied directement dans les m\u00e2choires de puissantes d\u00e9fenses allemandes et ne sont venus \u00e0 bout de la r\u00e9sistance r\u00e9solue qu\u2019avec difficult\u00e9 et en versant un lourd tribut, soit les pertes les plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es\r\n\tde tout r\u00e9giment canadien cette journ\u00e9e-l\u00e0. Le North Shore Regiment, \u00e0 Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer, a \u00e9galement men\u00e9 une lutte \u00e2pre et subi des pertes consid\u00e9rables pour venir \u00e0 bout de la r\u00e9sistance des d\u00e9fenses allemandes.<\/p>\r\n Plus t\u00f4t, aux toutes premi\u00e8res heures du 6 juin, le 1er<\/sup> bataillon canadien de parachutistes avait atterri derri\u00e8re les lignes ennemies et, m\u00eame si les hommes \u00e9taient largement dispers\u00e9s et que finalement, 84 ont \u00e9t\u00e9 fait prisonniers, ils ont pu d\u00e9truire\r\n\tdes ponts cl\u00e9s des environs de Varaville et, le jour suivant, saisir et maintenir les principaux carrefours de Le Mesnil jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce qu\u2019ils soient relev\u00e9s.<\/p>\r\n Dans son bapt\u00eame du feu, la 3e<\/sup> division d\u2019infanterie canadienne avait fait la preuve de ses capacit\u00e9s au combat, mais les Allemands avaient pr\u00e9lev\u00e9 un lourd tribut en vies humaines chez les Canadiens. <\/p>","en.content":" The fight for Juno Beach and the surrounding villages was a grim, costly struggle. Despite heavy aerial and naval bombardment, the Germans resisted fiercely and dozens of Canadians were killed and wounded within minutes of landing.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tAt Courseulles-sur-Mer, The Royal Winnipeg Rifles assaulted undamaged enemy bunkers and gun positions and losses were heavy. Captain John Wilson Powell of the 1st Hussars landed there at approximately 8:00AM and his tank immediately came under fire from\r\n\tan anti-tank gun protected in a concrete bunker. His tank was hit three times and its main gun was knocked out. Wounded, Powell assaulted the enemy position, and his Sherman tank\u2019s machine gun eliminated the threat. Powell was awarded the Military Cross,\r\n\tone of dozens of gallantry awards earned by Canadians that day. <\/p>\r\n At Berni\u00e8res-sur-Mer, The Queen\u2019s Own Rifles landed directly in the teeth of powerful German defences and overcame determined resistance only with difficulty and at a heavy cost \u2013 the highest losses of any Canadian regiment that day. The North Shore Regiment\r\n\tat St. Aubin-sur-Mer also experienced a stiff fight and substantial losses in subduing stubborn German defences. <\/p>\r\n Earlier, in the very early hours of 6 June, the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion had landed behind enemy lines and, despite its men being widely scattered with 84 eventually being taken prisoner, managed to destroy key bridges in the vicinity of Varaville\r\n\tand, the next day, seize and hold the key crossroads at Le Mesnil until relieved.\r\n<\/p>\r\n In its baptism of fire the 3rd Canadian Division had demonstrated its fighting ability but the Germans had exacted a dreadful toll in Canadian lives.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":10,"background":"transparent","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["db62e7b2-b804-4c16-b7b7-dc050b32e0e7","ba3bdebf-c723-4596-beea-2718112afaa6","2ac657a5-734e-49ee-af99-43f1eb9b3cc2","efcf55e6-4e0e-4fb6-973c-a25bec1a69de","ff314f7a-e134-4252-9381-c20e856b36ef","e48f3fa0-b185-48a1-a35d-c52a651a3917","98702d5f-1efb-4fd9-a266-2b7db02cccd1","1f61f46a-1f4e-4ff8-9ff5-6705ea181c13","e31af5c2-db3c-4c1c-85e2-0781ec23ed5d"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":11,"background":"transparent","meta":{"en.content":" Once Juno Beach had been secured, the Canadians encountered some delays in getting vehicles past the dunes and sea wall, especially around Courseulles-sur-Mer, as specialized engineering equipment and troops tasked with clearing enemy mines and obstacles\r\n\tand creating exits for men and vehicles were not immediately available in sufficient numbers. Still, at around 9:30AM at Berni\u00e8res-sur-Mer, Sapper John Duval of the 16th Canadian Field Company, Royal Canadian Engineers, operating an armoured bulldozer,\r\n\tsingle-handedly constructed three exits over the sea wall suitable for vehicles, enabling an advance from this part of the bridgehead. Sapper Duval did so in a mere twenty minutes and under heavy enemy mortar and small-arms fire. He was awarded the Military\r\n\tMedal for his actions. <\/p>\r\n By midday, and with reinforcement units pouring into the bridgehead, the Canadians advanced into the countryside beyond the coast on a broad eight-kilometre front, establishing a cohesive, if uneven, defensive line to a depth of about six kilometres.\r\n\tBy nightfall, The Royal Winnipeg Rifles had reached Creully in the west, while the North Nova Scotia Highlanders had attained Villons-les-Buissons in the east. The Canadians dug in and established defensive positions, bracing for the enemy counter-attack\r\n\twhich they knew would come the following day. The Allies had not secured their original, perhaps overly optimistic, D-Day objectives, but the Canadians had reached their intermediate goals and were in Normandy to stay. Even though losses were about half\r\n\tof those expected, the cost still had been very high: 1,074 total Canadian casualties including 381 killed.<\/p>","fr.content":" Une fois la plage Juno s\u00e9curis\u00e9e, les Canadiens ont connu certains retards pour faire franchir les dunes et le mur de protection aux v\u00e9hicules, particuli\u00e8rement aux environs de Courseulles-sur-Mer, car l\u2019\u00e9quipement technique sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 et les troupes mandat\u00e9es pour \u00e9liminer les obstacles et les mines ennemies, et am\u00e9nager des sorties pour les hommes et les v\u00e9hicules, n\u2019\u00e9taient pas imm\u00e9diatement disponibles en nombre suffisant. Malgr\u00e9 tout, vers 9 h 30, \u00e0 Berni\u00e8res-sur-Mer, le sapeur John Duval, de la 16e<\/sup> compagnie de campagne canadienne, a construit \u00e0 lui seul au-dessus du mur de protection trois sorties que pouvaient emprunter les v\u00e9hicules, favorisant une avance en provenance de cette partie de la t\u00eate de pont. Le sapeur Duval y est parvenu en \u00e0 peine 20 minutes et sous les tirs nourris d'armes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et de mortiers ennemis. Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9cor\u00e9 de la M\u00e9daille militaire pour ses actions. <\/p> Au milieu de la journ\u00e9e, et avec les unit\u00e9s de renfort arrivant en nombre dans la t\u00eate de pont, les Canadiens ont progress\u00e9 dans la campagne au-del\u00e0 de la c\u00f4te sur un large front de huit kilom\u00e8tres, \u00e9tablissant une ligne de d\u00e9fense unie, bien qu\u2019in\u00e9gale, sur une profondeur d\u2019environ six kilom\u00e8tres. \u00c0 la tomb\u00e9e de la nuit, les Royal Winnipeg Rifles \u00e9taient parvenus \u00e0 Creully \u00e0 l\u2019ouest, tandis que les North Nova Scotia Highlanders s'\u00e9taient rendus, \u00e0 l\u2019est, jusqu'\u00e0 Villons-les-Buissons. Les Canadiens se sont retranch\u00e9s et ont \u00e9tabli des positions de d\u00e9fense, consolidant leur poste en pr\u00e9vision de la contre-attaque ennemie qui, ils le savaient, se produirait le lendemain. Les Alli\u00e9s n\u2019avaient pas atteint leurs objectifs initiaux du jour J, peut-\u00eatre trop optimistes, mais les Canadiens avaient r\u00e9alis\u00e9 des buts interm\u00e9diaires et \u00e9taient en Normandie pour y rester. M\u00eame si les pertes \u00e9taient moiti\u00e9 moindres que celles anticip\u00e9es, le tribut demeurait lourd : 1 074 victimes canadiennes, dont 381 ayant perdu la vie.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-feature","classes":"","position":12,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifact":["a1434c9a-cad9-4534-bfcc-5facd4f3a02b"]}}],"translations":{"en":{"title":"Juno Beach: Canada at D-Day","slug":"Juno-beach","heading":"6 June 1944","quote":"\"We have received word that Canadian troops were among the allied forces who landed this morning on the northern coast of France. Canadians will be proud to learn that our troops are being supported by units of the Royal Canadian Navy and Royal Canadian Air Force... Let the hearts of all in Canada today be filled with silent prayer for the success of our own and allied forces and for the early liberation of the peoples of Europe.\"","quote_source":"Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, 8:00AM national radio broadcast, 6 June 1944.","sources":"","seo_title":"Juno Beach: Canada at D-Day","seo_description":"After German defeat and occupation of France in 1940, the Allies began a plan to liberate West Europe through an assault launched from southern England."},"fr":{"title":"La plage Juno : le Canada lors du jour J","slug":"jourj","heading":"Le 6 Juin 1944","quote":"\u00ab Nous avons appris que les troupes canadiennes \u00e9taient au nombre des forces alli\u00e9es qui ont d\u00e9barqu\u00e9 ce matin sur la c\u00f4te nord de la France. Les Canadiens seront fiers de savoir que nos soldats sont soutenus par des unit\u00e9s de la Marine royale du Canada et de l\u2019Aviation royale du Canada... Que tous et toutes au Canada se recueillent silencieusement dans la pri\u00e8re pour que nos forces et celles des Alli\u00e9s parviennent rapidement \u00e0 lib\u00e9rer les populations europ\u00e9ennes. \u00bb","quote_source":"Premier ministre William Lyon Mackenzie King, diffusion radiophonique nationale (en anglais), 6 juin 1944","sources":" \u00c0 l\u2019aube de la Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale, le Canada compte \u00e0 peine 8 millions d\u2019habitants. Une importante minorit\u00e9 de Canadiens anglophones sont d\u2019origine britannique ou les enfants d\u2019immigrants britanniques; l\u2019origine ethnique d\u2019environ 28 % de la population\r\n\tcanadienne est fran\u00e7aise. Des centaines de milliers de personnes avaient \u00e9migr\u00e9 d\u2019autres r\u00e9gions d\u2019Europe pour s\u2019\u00e9tablir au Canada au cours des 15 ann\u00e9es pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes.<\/p>\r\n La grande controverse suscit\u00e9e par la participation canadienne \u00e0 la guerre sud-africaine (1899-1902) et la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019une marine canadienne en 1910 divisent la nation sur le plan linguistique et \u00e9branlent l\u2019unit\u00e9 nationale. Plusieurs mois apr\u00e8s le d\u00e9but\r\n\tde la Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale, alors que l\u2019ampleur de l\u2019enr\u00f4lement volontaire se maintient, le premier ministre Robert Borden promet qu\u2019il n\u2019y aura pas de conscription pour le service outre-mer. Sa promesse initiale d\u2019envoyer 25\u2009000 volontaires est\r\n\ttenue haut la main, car ce nombre s\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8ve rapidement \u00e0 50 000. En juin 1915, le gouvernement promet de mobiliser 150 000 hommes pour l\u2019effort de guerre. \u00c0 l\u2019automne, ce nombre grimpe \u00e0 250 000. \u00c9tonnamment, le 1er<\/sup> janvier 1916, Borden parvient\r\n\t\u00e0 le doubler (500 000), soit un effectif \u00e0 peine r\u00e9alisable si l\u2019on tient compte uniquement du nombre d\u2019hommes d\u2019\u00e2ge militaire au pays. Apr\u00e8s un ralentissement marqu\u00e9 du recrutement et la perte de plus de 10 000 hommes lors de la prise de la cr\u00eate de\r\n\tVimy (sans compter d\u2019autres pertes importantes au front), Borden annonce, en mai 1917, que le service militaire obligatoire deviendra loi pour honorer l\u2019engagement du pays \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l\u2019effort de guerre. Cette d\u00e9claration et la Loi sur le service militaire<\/i>,\r\n\tadopt\u00e9e \u00e0 la fin du mois d\u2019ao\u00fbt, provoquent le m\u00e9contentement g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9 des Canadiens fran\u00e7ais, la d\u00e9ception de nombreux agriculteurs canadiens en Ontario et dans l\u2019Ouest (beaucoup sont des immigrants non britanniques) et une vive opposition du mouvement\r\n\tsyndical. N\u00e9anmoins, 125 000 nouvelles recrues sont finalement enr\u00f4l\u00e9es dans le Corps exp\u00e9ditionnaire du Canada. Plus de 24 000 conscrits sont arriv\u00e9s en France au cours de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 et de l'automne 1918. Ils \u00e9taient des renforts essentiels au Corps\r\n\tcanadien et ont apport\u00e9 une contribution cruciale \u00e0 ses nombreux succ\u00e8s au cours de la campagne des Cent-Jours qui a abouti \u00e0 une fin victorieuse de la guerre.<\/p>\r\n Malgr\u00e9 la controverse caus\u00e9e par la conscription, la disposition du pays \u00e0 la guerre se maintient \u00e0 un niveau g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u00e9lev\u00e9 tout au long de la guerre. Le Canada estime que la guerre est justifi\u00e9e, puisque l\u2019Allemagne a commis une agression et s\u2019est\r\n\tcomport\u00e9e de fa\u00e7on immorale en attaquant la Belgique et la France. Les Canadiens contribuent \u00e0 l\u2019effort de guerre en se mobilisant aupr\u00e8s des nombreux organismes humanitaires qui surgissent pour, notamment, soulager la d\u00e9tresse des r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s belges ou\r\n\tr\u00e9conforter les hommes au front. Le gouvernement canadien a vendu plus de 2 milliards de dollars d\u2019obligations de la Victoire, un placement rapportant un modeste rendement \u00e0 qui l\u2019ach\u00e8te. En 1917, le gouvernement a \u00e9galement instaur\u00e9 un imp\u00f4t sur le\r\n\trevenu. Sans doute, la cr\u00e9ation et le financement du Fonds patriotique canadien t\u00e9moignent avec \u00e9clat de la g\u00e9n\u00e9rosit\u00e9 du pays \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard des soldats estropi\u00e9s au front et de leurs familles \u00e9prouv\u00e9es par leur enr\u00f4lement ou leur d\u00e9c\u00e8s. Des dizaines de\r\n\tmilliers de familles sont accabl\u00e9es par le deuil de plus de 60\u2009000 Canadiens morts au front. C\u2019est sans compter que pr\u00e8s de trois fois plus d\u2019hommes, meurtris physiquement et psychologiquement, reviendront de la guerre. Pour ces gens et leur famille,\r\n\tla guerre n\u2019a pas pris fin avec l\u2019Armistice en novembre 1918.<\/p>","en.content":" Canada\u2019s population at the start of the First World War was barely 8 million people. A significant majority of English-speaking Canadians were British-born or the children of British immigrants; about 28 percent of Canadians were of French ethnic origin.\r\n\tHundreds of thousands of immigrants from other parts of Europe had also settled in Canada in the previous 15 years.\r\n<\/p>\r\n Great controversy over Canadian participation in the South African War (1899-1902) and the creation of a Canadian navy in 1910 had split the nation along linguistic lines and shaken national unity. Several months after the start of the First World War\r\n\twith voluntary enlistments remaining high, Prime Minister Robert Borden made a pledge that there would be no conscription for overseas service. His original promise to dispatch 25,000 volunteers was easily attained and this soon rose to 50,000. In June\r\n\t1915, the Government promised 150,000 men for the war effort and in autumn this figure jumped to 250,000. On 1 January 1916, Borden doubled the commitment again to 500,000, a barely attainable figure from voluntary enlistments alone given the number\r\n\tof military-age men in the country. After a sharp downturn in recruiting and the more than 10,000 casualties resulting from the seizure of Vimy Ridge (on top of other heavy losses at the front), Borden announced in May 1917 that obligatory military service\r\n\twould become law, in order to ensure the country honoured his commitment of men to the war effort. This statement, and the ensuing Military Service Act passed at the end of August, triggered widespread discontent in French-speaking Canada, disappointment\r\n\tamong many Canadian farmers in Ontario and the west (many of whom were non-British immigrants), and vocal opposition from organized labour. Nevertheless, 125,000 new recruits were eventually conscripted into the Canadian Expeditionary Force. Over\r\n\t24,000 conscripts arrived in France in the summer and fall of 1918. They provided essential reinforcements to the Canadian Corps and made a crucial contribution to its many successes during the Hundred Days campaign that saw a victorious end to the war.<\/p>\r\n Despite the controversy caused by conscription, war-mindedness in Canada remained generally strong throughout the war. Canadians felt that the cause for war was just and that Germany had committed aggression and behaved immorally in its attack on Belgium\r\n\tand France. Canadians happily subscribed to numerous war charities which sprang up in support of various causes including the plight of Belgian refugees or in supplying comforts to the men at the front. Canadians also purchased more than $2 billion in\r\n\tVictory Bonds, interest-bearing investments issued by the Government to raise funds for the war effort. The Government also introduced an income tax in 1917. Perhaps the best-known object of Canadians\u2019 generosity was the Canadian Patriotic Fund, the\r\n\taim of which was to financially support soldiers\u2019 families left in difficulty by the men\u2019s enlistments or, worse, through their death or maiming at the front. Tens of thousands of Canadian families felt the crush of bereavement for the nation\u2019s more\r\n\tthan 60,000 war dead and welcomed back nearly three times that many wounded in body or mind. For these, the war did not end with the Armistice in November 1918.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":5,"background":"transparent","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["8a298208-cbfe-458b-9a46-f1405f4d3403","aeb07935-ef7e-4cd6-bfc9-41d70a5edd30","40d23175-83da-4d82-a127-9d2f34f66d75","5d9bebe2-5895-4460-9c9f-bfeead4dee4a","93376ce7-c75e-4cfe-bf34-c99337839ab2"]}},{"template":"artifact-feature","classes":"","position":6,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifact":["68b5f558-cd46-416b-aeda-b9307a70bf8c"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":7,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":" Pour d\u2019autres Canadiens, la guerre a offert des perspectives financi\u00e8res. Malgr\u00e9 une \u00e9conomie essentiellement agricole ou tributaire des ressources primaires, les secteurs manufacturier et industriels canadiens connaissent une croissance massive pendant\r\n\tla guerre. Le Canada produit des millions d\u2019obus d\u2019artillerie, 3 000 avions et plus de 100 navires \u00e0 coque d\u2019acier ou de bois dans plus de 600 usines et \u00e9tablissements li\u00e9s \u00e0 la guerre, employant jusqu\u2019\u00e0 un quart de million de Canadiens, dont 30 000\r\n\tfemmes. Bon nombre d\u2019entre elles ont d\u00e9construit les st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes en acceptant des emplois r\u00e9serv\u00e9s aux hommes avant la guerre. Les fermes canadiennes connaissent un boom sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent; la production de bl\u00e9 monte en fl\u00e8che, la plus grande partie \u00e9tant\r\n\texport\u00e9e vers la Grande-Bretagne et la France. La production et les exportations de viandes, de poissons, d\u2019\u0153ufs et de produits laitiers augmentent de fa\u00e7on spectaculaire.<\/p> Les Canadiens originaires d\u2019un \u00ab pays ennemi \u00bb ne trouvent pas toujours un pays accueillant \u00e0 leur \u00e9gard au Canada. De nombreux concitoyens r\u00e9clament l\u2019internement et l\u2019incarc\u00e9ration d\u2019hommes de nationalit\u00e9 allemande ou austro-hongroise; or, plusieurs\r\n\td\u2019entre eux sont de malheureux Ukrainiens qui ne portent nullement leurs anciens ma\u00eetres autrichiens dans leur c\u0153ur. On comptera jusqu\u2019\u00e0 8 000 hommes intern\u00e9s, mais la plupart des \u00ab Autrichiens \u00bb seront lib\u00e9r\u00e9s en 1917. Au Canada, le sentiment anti-allemand\r\n\test si vif qu\u2019il n\u2019est pas rare de voir des Allemands \u00eatre harcel\u00e9s publiquement, cong\u00e9di\u00e9s par leur employeur ou \u00eatre victimes de vandalisme de leur entreprise. En 1916, dans un \u00e9lan apparemment patriotique, quoique loin d\u2019\u00eatre unanime, la ville de\r\n\tBerlin, en Ontario, est rebaptis\u00e9e Kitchener en l\u2019honneur du ministre britannique de la Guerre.<\/p>","en.content":" \r\n\tThe war offered other Canadians economic opportunity. Despite its largely agricultural or primary-resource economy, Canadian manufacturing and industry increased massively during the war. Canada produced everything from millions of artillery shells to\r\n\t3,000 aircraft, and more than 100 steel- or wooden-hulled vessels in more than 600 war-related plants and factories, employing up to a quarter of a million Canadians, including 30,000 women. Many of these women broke employment stereotypes by taking\r\n\ton jobs which, before the war, had been reserved for men. Canada\u2019s farms boomed and wheat production soared, most of it for export to Britain and France. The production and exports of meat, fish, eggs, and dairy rose dramatically.<\/p> The country was not always hospitable to residents of \u201cenemy-alien\u201d origin. Many Canadians called for the internment and incarceration of men of German or Austro-Hungarian citizenship, many of the latter being unfortunate Ukrainians who harboured no affection\r\n\tfor their former Austrian masters. Up to 8,000 men were interned though most of the \u201cAustrians\u201d were released by 1917. Anti-German passions ran so high that occasionally Germans in Canada were publicly harassed, fired from their jobs, or had their businesses\r\n\tvandalized. In a seemingly patriotic, though by no means unanimous gesture, in 1916 the Ontario city of Berlin renamed itself Kitchener in honour of the British Secretary of War.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":9,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["ddb0f903-1a1e-4b9e-bac8-54ddc29ba0a9","b51ad438-d236-4862-91a5-48731af103a7","ba1f8d73-193f-49a1-8cd6-8c0541e0e1eb"]}}],"translations":{"en":{"title":"The Canadian Home Front","slug":"canadian-home-front","heading":"Life at War, 1914-1918","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":"","seo_title":"The Canadian Home Front","seo_description":"Canada\u2019s population at the start of the First World War was barely 8 million."},"fr":{"title":"Le front int\u00e9rieur canadien","slug":"le-front-interieur-canadien","heading":"LA VIE EN TEMPS DE GUERRE, 1914-1918","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":"","seo_title":"","seo_description":""}},"media":{"thumbnail":["96947fc1-29bf-457b-a989-8a468dd03bad"],"feature":["b47aeb7d-8ab6-40a4-b878-5f3db0e51104"]}},"6a69347b-7872-4cce-8260-c26aad78610a":{"id":"6a69347b-7872-4cce-8260-c26aad78610a","timeline_date":"1945-01-09 00:00:00","type":"narrative","title":"Stories of Acadian Service","slug":"acadian-service","heading":"Chavarie and MacGillivray Families","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":" Born in Aldouane, Kent County, New Brunswick, Antoine \u2018Gaspard\u2019 Chavarie was 22 years old when he was drafted under the Military Service Act in May 1918. He trained nine months with the New Brunswick Regiment before he was demobilized in February 1919.\r\n\tIn 1921, Chavarie married Mary Alice Richard and the couple settled at Blackville, Northumberland County, where Gaspard worked as a cook in the lumber camps. There, they raised eight children.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tWhen war broke out in 1939, Gaspard joined the Veterans Guard of Canada, and spent time working as a guard at the internment camp at Ripples, New Brunswick. The Veterans Guard was composed of First World War veterans who were too old for front line duty\r\n\tin the Second World War. Thousands served with the Guard across Canada, guarding internment camps as well as power plants and other strategic locations. The Ripples camp initially housed German and Austrian Jews, and later prisoners of war and Canadian\r\n\tcritics of the war. One such internee was Camillien Houde, the outspoken Mayor of Montreal.\r\n<\/p>\r\n Meanwhile, three of Chavarie\u2019s eight children made their own contribution to the war effort. One daughter, Anne Loretta, served with the Canadian Women\u2019s Army Corps. The man who would become her husband, Charles Morrison, served in Europe with the Canadian\r\n\tArmy. Two others daughters, Mary Agnes \u2018Helen\u2019 and Evangeline Theresa \u2018Bonnie\u2019, enlisted with the Royal Canadian Air Force Women\u2019s Division. Their brother, George Joseph Chavarie, enlisted in the Royal Canadian Navy just after war\u2019s end.\r\n<\/p>\r\n Gaspard Chavarie died in Blackville, New Brunswick, in 1969.<\/p>","fr.content":" N\u00e9 \u00e0 Aldouane dans le comt\u00e9 de Kent, au Nouveau-Brunswick, Antoine \u00ab Gaspard \u00bb Chavarie avait 22 ans lorsqu\u2019il a \u00e9t\u00e9 conscrit en vertu de la Loi du Service Militaire<\/i>, en mai 1918. Il a suivi une formation de neuf mois dans le r\u00e9giment\r\n\tdu Nouveau-Brunswick avant d\u2019\u00eatre d\u00e9mobilis\u00e9 en f\u00e9vrier 1919. En 1921, Chavarie a \u00e9pous\u00e9 Mary Alice Richard, et le couple s\u2019est \u00e9tabli \u00e0 Blackville, dans le comt\u00e9 de Northumberland, o\u00f9 Gaspard travaillait comme cuisinier dans un camp de b\u00fbcherons. C\u2019est\r\n\tl\u00e0 qu\u2019ils ont \u00e9lev\u00e9 leurs huit enfants.<\/p>\r\n Au d\u00e9clenchement de la guerre, Gaspard s\u2019est joint \u00e0 la Garde territoriale des anciens combattants et a pass\u00e9 du temps \u00e0 travailler comme gardien dans le camp d\u2019internement de Ripples (Nouveau-Brunswick). La Garde territoriale des anciens combattants\r\n\tse composait de v\u00e9t\u00e9rans de la Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale trop \u00e2g\u00e9s pour \u00eatre envoy\u00e9s sur la ligne de front dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Des milliers ont servi comme gardes territoriaux partout au Canada, agissant comme gardiens des camps d\u2019internement\r\n\tainsi que des centrales d\u2019\u00e9nergie et autres emplacements strat\u00e9giques. Le camp de Ripples a d'abord h\u00e9berg\u00e9 des juifs allemands et autrichiens, puis des prisonniers de guerre et des Canadiens qui critiquaient la guerre. L\u2019un de ces intern\u00e9s \u00e9tait Camillien\r\n\tHoude, le maire de Montr\u00e9al au franc-parler.<\/p>\r\n Trois des huit enfants des Chavarie ont aussi contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 leur fa\u00e7on \u00e0 l\u2019effort de guerre. L\u2019une des filles, Anne Loretta, a fait partie du Service f\u00e9minin de l\u2019Arm\u00e9e canadienne. L\u2019homme qui deviendra son mari, Charles Morrison, a servi en Europe dans\r\n\tl\u2019Arm\u00e9e canadienne. Deux autres filles, Mary Agnes \u00ab H\u00e9l\u00e8ne \u00bb et \u00c9vang\u00e9line Th\u00e9r\u00e9sa \u00ab Bonnie \u00bb, se sont enr\u00f4l\u00e9es dans la Division f\u00e9minine de l\u2019Aviation royale du Canada. Leur fr\u00e8re George Joseph Chavarie s\u2019est enr\u00f4l\u00e9 dans la Marine\r\n\troyale du Canada tout juste apr\u00e8s la fin de la guerre.<\/p>\r\n Gaspard Chavarie est d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 \u00e0 Blackville, au Nouveau-Brunswick, en 1969.\r\n<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":2,"background":"transparent","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["e3daff79-1dc3-412b-997d-cce6a3f06175","c85ea30e-acbf-403c-ae24-12d516f3c947","8ad3e8dc-3c1c-4bf1-bbb4-bb9ed98b74c4","88a15841-2a48-455b-b158-d85e75808e7c","5a9c8e28-bee9-4a34-ac4c-9113e1556b75","7b16b7c6-2997-4461-a3ab-9251cd25bba5","8ff8cbc9-d447-45fe-88fe-9f344c3764e5"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":3,"background":"transparent","meta":{"en.content":" \r\n\tRev. Ronald Cameron MacGillivray was born in 1885 at St. Joseph\u2019s, Antigonish County, Nova Scotia; he was one of a family of six children born to merchant Angus MacGillivray and his wife Mary Cameron.\r\n<\/p>\r\n After receiving his education at St. Francis Xavier University in Antigonish, and at the Urban College of the Propaganda in Rome, MacGillivray was ordained a priest in Rome in May 1915. After a short time as a parish priest in Cape Breton, he enlisted\r\n\tas a chaplain with the 25th Overseas Battalion and sailed for the United Kingdom on 9 November 1915.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tOver the course of the next four years, MacGillivray was attached to several other units, most significantly to the \u2018Fighting 26th\u2019 Battalion from New Brunswick. Although there was no formal expectation for a Chaplain to go \u2018over the top\u2019 in the first\r\n\twave, Fr. MacGillivray gained a reputation for bravery. He is known to have gone \u2018over the top\u2019 with his men on at least seven separate occasions.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n In his work with the wounded and the dying, MacGillivray was well noted. The sense of humour with which he was associated throughout his life shone through even in the darkness of battle. In one report, he noted: \u201c[On] the second day of the show a man\r\n\twas brought in in a dying condition, calling aloud for a Priest. I went up to him and he said, \u201cAre you a Holy Roman Catholic Priest?\u201d I told him I had grave doubt as to the \u2018Holy\u2019 but was unquestionably a Catholic Priest.\u201d<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tIn January 1919, the London Gazette<\/i> carried the following citation for the Military Cross: \u201cFor conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty during an attack. He went forward with the attacking waves and materially assisted the medical officer with\r\n\this duties. In the open, and in the face of the heaviest fire, he dressed the wounded and attended to the dying. He set a splendid example to all with whom he came in contact.\u201d\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tAfter demobilization, Honorary Major MacGillivray returned to parish life with appointments in various Nova Scotia parishes before being assigned to the parish of Sacred Heart, Sydney, in 1934.\r\n<\/p>\r\n MacGillivray\u2019s busy but relatively peaceful life was interrupted by the outbreak of the Second World War. In 1941, he enlisted for active service as a military chaplain for the second time. During the course of the war, MacGillivray rose to the rank of\r\n\tHonorary Brigadier, and was named Principal Roman Catholic Chaplain to the Canadian Army in 1944. For his outstanding service, he was awarded the Efficiency Decoration, and was named in the New Years\u2019 Honours List of 1946, a Commander of the Order of\r\n\tthe British Empire.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tReturning to Sydney at the close of 1945, now Monsignor MacGillivray lived out the rest of his life as a parish priest in Sacred Heart, dying in Sidney in January 1963.<\/p>","fr.content":" Le r\u00e9v\u00e9rend Ronald Cameron MacGillivray est n\u00e9 en 1885 \u00e0 Saint-Joseph, dans le comt\u00e9 d\u2019Antigonish, en Nouvelle-\u00c9cosse. Il \u00e9tait l\u2019un des six enfants du marchand Angus MacGillivray et de son \u00e9pouse Mary Cameron.<\/p>\r\n Ronald MacGillivray a poursuivi des \u00e9tudes \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 St. Francis Xavier \u00e0 Antigonish et au Coll\u00e8ge pontifical urbanien \u00e0 Rome. Il a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 ordonn\u00e9 pr\u00eatre \u00e0 Rome, en mai 1915. Apr\u00e8s une courte p\u00e9riode comme cur\u00e9 au Cap-Breton, il s\u2019est enr\u00f4l\u00e9\r\n\tcomme aum\u00f4nier du 25e<\/sup> bataillon outre-mer, s\u2019embarquant pour le Royaume-Uni le 9 novembre 1915.\r\n<\/p>\r\n Au cours des quatre ann\u00e9es suivantes, Ronald MacGillivray a \u00e9t\u00e9 rattach\u00e9 \u00e0 plusieurs autres unit\u00e9s, surtout au 26e<\/sup> bataillon de combat du Nouveau-Brunswick. M\u00eame si, officiellement, on n\u2019attendait pas d\u2019un aum\u00f4nier qu\u2019il monte \u00e0 l\u2019assaut\r\n\tau cours de la premi\u00e8re vague, le p\u00e8re MacGillivray a acquis une r\u00e9putation d'homme courageux. Il est de notori\u00e9t\u00e9 qu\u2019il est mont\u00e9 \u00ab en t\u00eate \u00bb avec ses hommes \u00e0 au moins sept reprises distinctes. <\/p>\r\n Ronald MacGillivray fut un homme tr\u00e8s appr\u00e9ci\u00e9 dans son travail aupr\u00e8s des bless\u00e9s et des mourants. Son sens de l\u2019humour, qu\u2019il a gard\u00e9 toute sa vie, brillait m\u00eame au plus sombre de la bataille. Dans un rapport, il mentionnait : \u00ab [Le] deuxi\u00e8me\r\n\tjour du spectacle, un homme a \u00e9t\u00e9 amen\u00e9, agonisant, demandant un pr\u00eatre. Je suis all\u00e9 le voir et il a demand\u00e9 : \"\u00cates-vous un saint pr\u00eatre de l\u2019\u00c9glise catholique romaine?\" Je lui ai dit que je doutais fort que le mot \"saint\" s\u2019applique \u00e0 moi, mais que\r\n\tj'\u00e9tais hors de tout doute un pr\u00eatre catholique. \u00bb\r\n<\/p>\r\n En janvier 1919, la London Gazette<\/i> a fait para\u00eetre la citation suivante accompagnant la Croix militaire du r\u00e9v\u00e9rend MacGillivray : \u00ab Pour un acte insigne de bravoure et son d\u00e9vouement au devoir durant une attaque. Il a pouss\u00e9 de\r\n\tl\u2019avant dans les vagues d\u2019assaut et consid\u00e9rablement aid\u00e9 le m\u00e9decin militaire dans l\u2019ex\u00e9cution de ses fonctions. \u00c0 ciel ouvert et face \u00e0 d\u2019intenses tirs, il a pans\u00e9 les plaies de bless\u00e9s et accompagn\u00e9 des mourants. Il a donn\u00e9 un superbe exemple \u00e0 tous\r\n\tceux qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 en contact avec lui. \u00bb\r\n<\/p>\r\n Apr\u00e8s sa d\u00e9mobilisation, le major honoraire MacGillivray est retourn\u00e9 \u00e0 la vie paroissiale et a occup\u00e9 diverses cures dans des paroisses de la Nouvelle-\u00c9cosse avant d\u2019\u00eatre affect\u00e9 \u00e0 celle de Sacred Heart (Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur<\/span><\/span>),\r\n\t\u00e0 Sydney, en 1934. <\/p>\r\n Ronald MacGillivray a men\u00e9 une vie bien remplie en temps de paix, mais celle-ci a \u00e9t\u00e9 interrompue par le d\u00e9but de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. En 1941, il s\u2019est enr\u00f4l\u00e9 une seconde fois pour le service actif en tant qu\u2019aum\u00f4nier militaire. Il a obtenu le\r\n\tgrade de brigadier honoraire au cours de la guerre et, en 1944, nomm\u00e9 aum\u00f4nier catholique romain principal de l\u2019Arm\u00e9e canadienne. Pour son service exceptionnel, il a obtenu la D\u00e9coration d\u2019efficacit\u00e9 et a \u00e9t\u00e9 inscrit sur la liste des honneurs de\r\n\tla nouvelle ann\u00e9e 1946 en tant que commandeur de l\u2019Ordre de l\u2019Empire britannique.<\/p>\r\n De retour \u00e0 Sydney \u00e0 la fin de la guerre en 1945, le p\u00e8re MacGillivray, devenu monseigneur, a pass\u00e9 le reste de sa vie comme cur\u00e9 de la paroisse de Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur<\/span><\/span>. Il est d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 \u00e0 Sydney en janvier 1963.\r\n<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":4,"background":"transparent","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["5dd39480-024a-4299-b578-e13c74719cd2","c12f9b1e-dc1c-4143-a0ca-826c3c75522f","6f5d31c0-65e5-4b18-888e-d3253fbcc830","8df5e353-f561-4ac4-b568-c6b22c413bb0","3b235f01-11b9-444c-a072-2055486d6bf2"]}}],"translations":{"en":{"title":"Stories of Acadian Service","slug":"acadian-service","heading":"Chavarie and MacGillivray Families","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":" Tant dans la Premi\u00e8re que dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale, on attendait des jeunes hommes de toutes les r\u00e9gions du Canada qu\u2019ils servent dans l\u2019arm\u00e9e et aillent combattre outre-mer. M\u00eame si les efforts du Canada dans les deux guerres ont commenc\u00e9 comme\r\n\tune entreprise totalement volontaire, le niveau \u00e9lev\u00e9 des pertes subies par ceux combattant \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger a n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 l\u2019imposition de la conscription dans les deux guerres. Mais qu\u2019en est-il de ceux qui croyaient, pour des motifs religieux, spirituels\r\n\tou personnels, que combattre dans la guerre \u00e9tait immoral? Les objecteurs de conscience (ou \u00ab conchies \u00bb pour \u00ab <\/b>conscientious objectors \u00bb<\/b> en anglais) \u00e0 l\u2019endroit de la guerre et de la violence existent depuis des milliers d\u2019ann\u00e9es, souvent\r\n\tvictimes de pers\u00e9cutions et de violence pour leurs croyances.<\/p>\r\n Au Canada, les objecteurs de conscience sont officiellement reconnus sous une forme ou une autre depuis 1793. Leur motif le plus courant r\u00e9sidait en des croyances religieuses. Nombre de sectes religieuses, surtout les mennonites, les quakers et les adventistes\r\n\tdu septi\u00e8me jour, ont demand\u00e9 et obtenu la reconnaissance officielle du gouvernement en tant qu\u2019objecteurs de conscience, les exemptant ainsi du service militaire.<\/p> En 1917, la Loi du Service Militaire<\/i> instaurait la conscription au Canada. Elle comportait des exemptions pour les objecteurs de conscience, mais chaque homme \u00e9tait oblig\u00e9 de faire valoir son cas devant un tribunal local. M\u00eame si de nombreuses\r\n\tsectes pacifiques \u00e9taient reconnues officiellement par le gouvernement, quelques-uns de leurs membres avaient encore de la difficult\u00e9 \u00e0 prouver leur droit d\u2019objecteur devant le tribunal. Ceux qui s\u2019opposaient \u00e0 combattre, mais qui n\u2019appartenaient \u00e0 aucune\r\n\tsecte reconnue avaient beaucoup plus de difficult\u00e9 \u00e0 convaincre les tribunaux, qui consid\u00e9raient souvent l\u2019objection de conscience comme un acte de l\u00e2chet\u00e9. Si une personne refusait encore de servir malgr\u00e9 le rejet de ses all\u00e9gations, elle devait subir\r\n\tun proc\u00e8s devant un tribunal militaire et, t\u00f4t ou tard, \u00eatre emprisonn\u00e9e. Plus de 100 personnes \u00e9taient dans cette situation et toujours derri\u00e8re les barreaux en janvier 1919.<\/p>","en.content":" \r\n\tIn both the First and Second World Wars, young men from across Canada were expected to serve in the military and to fight overseas. While Canada\u2019s efforts in both wars began as an entirely voluntary endeavour, the high losses suffered by those fighting\r\n\tabroad necessitated the imposition of conscription in both wars. But what of those who believed, due to religious, spiritual, or personal reasons, that fighting in war was immoral? Conscientious objectors, or \u201cconchies\u201d, to war and violence have existed\r\n\tfor thousands of years, often the victims of persecution and violence for their beliefs.\r\n<\/p>\r\n In Canada, conscientious objectors have been officially recognised in one form or another since 1793. Among \u201cconchies\u201d the most common reason for their beliefs were religious. Numerous religious sects, most notably Mennonites, Quakers, and Seventh-Day\r\n\tAdventists, applied for and received official recognition from the Government as conscientious objectors, exempting them from military service. <\/p> In 1917, the Military Service Act<\/i> implemented conscription in Canada. While the law had exemptions for conscientious objectors, each man was forced to argue his case in front of a local tribunal. While many peaceful sects had been officially recognised\r\n\tby the Government, many members still found it difficult to prove their right to object to the tribunal. Those who objected to fighting but did not belong to one of the recognised sects had a far more difficult time convincing the tribunals, who often\r\n\tconsidered conscientious objection an act of cowardice. If an individual still refused to serve when their claim had been denied, they faced trial by military tribunal, and a potential prison term. More than 100 such individuals were still behind bars\r\n\tin January 1919.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":3,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["ed4c4e81-5b45-4e35-a6c8-2acd4f77eb91","c15f6f21-42a2-460e-abf9-5b10d4fd9adb"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":4,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":" Au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la conscription est \u00e0 nouveau entr\u00e9e en vigueur au Canada, plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment en 1940. De nouveau, des objecteurs de conscience se sont manifest\u00e9s, mais, cette fois, ils devaient faire leur service militaire sous\r\n\tune forme ou une autre. Comme des \u00e9glises pacifistes \u00e9tablies s\u2019opposaient au service militaire, quel qu\u2019en soit le type, le gouvernement a cr\u00e9\u00e9 un programme de service militaire de remplacement. Dans le cadre de ce programme, des hommes qui appartenaient\r\n\t\u00e0 diverses confessions pacifistes \u00e9taient appel\u00e9s \u00e0 travailler en agriculture ou dans des projets d\u2019infrastructure, en foresterie et dans de nombreux autres secteurs de l\u2019\u00e9conomie. Plusieurs \u00ab camps d\u2019objecteurs \u00bb ont \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9s dans l\u2019ensemble du pays.\r\n\tDe nombreux Ontariens se sont ainsi retrouv\u00e9s dans des camps de travail en Colombie-Britannique pour la plus grande partie de la guerre, loin de leur famille et de leurs amis. <\/p>\r\n De 1939 \u00e0 1945, plus de 262 000 hommes en \u00e2ge d\u2019\u00eatre recrut\u00e9s ont \u00e9vit\u00e9 la conscription dans les Forces arm\u00e9es canadiennes. En d\u00e9finitive, les 10 782 hommes qui ont r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 obtenir le statut d\u2019objecteur de conscience ne repr\u00e9sentaient que 4 % de ce total.\r\n\tEn grande majorit\u00e9, ceux qui ont pu \u00e9viter le service militaire au cours de la guerre l\u2019ont fait parce qu\u2019ils \u00e9taient employ\u00e9s dans ce que le gouvernement consid\u00e9rait comme des \u00ab industries essentielles \u00bb. M\u00eame si les objecteurs de conscience \u00e9taient\r\n\tsouvent l\u2019objet d\u2019une discrimination et qualifi\u00e9s de l\u00e2ches, ils ont servi leur pays en travaillant dans ces m\u00eames \u00ab industries essentielles \u00bb. Les objecteurs travaillant dans des camps de service militaire de remplacement se retrouvaient surtout dans\r\n\tle secteur agricole et d\u2019autres domaines n\u00e9cessaires pour que le Canada dispose de la nourriture, des ressources et des industries importantes pour mener la guerre. Bon nombre ont \u00e9t\u00e9 oblig\u00e9s de quitter leur famille pour travailler dans un endroit \u00e9loign\u00e9,\r\n\ttout comme ceux qui portaient l\u2019uniforme. Leur contribution \u00e0 l\u2019effort de guerre et \u00e0 la victoire finale a \u00e9t\u00e9 tout aussi essentielle.<\/p>\r\n During the Second World War, conscription was again introduced in Canada in 1940. The issue of conscientious objectors was raised; in this war, \u201cconchies\u201d would need to serve in some form or another. As the established pacifist churches objected to military\r\n\tservice of any kind, an Alternative Service program was established. Under this program, men from the various pacifist denominations worked in agriculture, on infrastructure projects, in forestry, and in many other sectors of the economy. Several \u201cconchie\r\n\tcamps\u201d were established across the country. Many men from Ontario found themselves in work camps in British Columbia for much of the war, away from their families and friends.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tFrom 1939 to 1945, more than 262,000 military-aged males avoided being conscripted into the Canadian armed forces. In all, the 10,782 men who successfully applied for conscientious objector status made up only 4% of this total. The vast majority of those\r\n\twho stayed out of military service during the war did so because they were employed in what the Government considered to be \u201cvital industries\u201d. While conscientious objectors were often the subject of discrimination and were branded as cowards, they served\r\n\ttheir country by working in the very same \u201cvital industries.\u201d Conchies working in Alternate Service Camps worked predominantly in agriculture, industry and other fields which ensured that Canada had the food, resources and industrial goods necessary\r\n\tto wage war. Many were forced to leave their families to work in a faraway place, just like those in uniform. Their contribution to the war effort and eventual victory was also vital.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":5,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["4551fa43-18bc-4228-8419-f281639ab966","26021719-ea65-44bc-80b2-94311f4e7fd8"]}},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":6,"background":"transparent","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["326ac7fe-afe2-4995-b668-aff8fe3ee141","5d335920-3c64-4aad-bbc9-ffae6507a80b","381685b7-d186-4037-8a19-284fe24cde26"]}},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":7,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["d6f1f23d-793c-4912-a8bb-1c5d0c03f595"]}}],"translations":{"en":{"title":"Conscientious Objectors","slug":"conscientious-objectors","heading":"\"Conchie\": Alternative Service","quote":"War is wrong. Killing is wrong. We will not participate in war.","quote_source":"David Wiens, Conscientious Objector in the Second World War","sources":" En 1916, les commandants alli\u00e9s planifient une offensive massive \u00e0 l\u2019ouest, en coordination avec celles pr\u00e9vues sur les fronts italien et russe. L\u2019objectif est de submerger les d\u00e9fenses allemandes au niveau des campagnes vallonn\u00e9es de la rivi\u00e8re de la Somme et de briser le blocage d\u2019usure du front de l'Ouest. L\u2019offensive doit \u00eatre men\u00e9e conjointement par les forces britanniques et fran\u00e7aises, mais la participation de ces derni\u00e8res est grandement compromise par la charge allemande \u00e0 Verdun, d\u00e9but\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier. Ainsi, l\u2019offensive de la Somme se transforme en une op\u00e9ration principalement britannique, et la date du premier assaut est avanc\u00e9e afin de soulager la pression sur les Fran\u00e7ais \u00e0 Verdun.<\/p> La bataille commence le 1er<\/sup> juillet 1916, alors que plus de 100 000 soldats britanniques et provenant des dominions jaillissent de leurs tranch\u00e9es et s\u2019enfoncent m\u00e9thodiquement dans les lignes allemandes. Le barrage d\u2019artillerie concentr\u00e9 ne suffit pas \u00e0 d\u00e9truire les positions allemandes, et l\u2019ennemi parvient \u00e0 utiliser ses mitrailleuses pour massacrer atrocement les troupes britanniques attaquantes. La journ\u00e9e de carnage n\u2019est pas encore termin\u00e9e que d\u00e9j\u00e0 environ 58 000 soldats britanniques ont succomb\u00e9 \u2013 les pires pertes jamais subies en une seule journ\u00e9e par les arm\u00e9es britanniques. Parmi les victimes se trouvent les hommes du Newfoundland Regiment, int\u00e9gr\u00e9 \u00e0 la 29e<\/sup> division britannique. \u00c0 Beaumont-Hamel, des Terre-Neuviens chargeant directement une mitrailleuse allemande sont quasiment annihil\u00e9s. De nombreux hommes se regroupent dans leur lutte pour traverser les quelques ouvertures dans les barbel\u00e9s, ce qui en fait des cibles faciles. Sur plus de 800 hommes du r\u00e9giment, 310 sont morts et seuls 68 soldats non bless\u00e9s r\u00e9pondront \u00e0 l\u2019appel le lendemain. Le sacrifice de ces hommes est comm\u00e9mor\u00e9 au M\u00e9morial terre-neuvien de Beaumont-Hamel.<\/p>","en.content":" In 1916, Allied commanders planned a massive offensive in the west in conjunction with offensives on the Russian and Italian fronts. The idea was to overwhelm German defenses in the rolling countryside of the Somme River valley and break the attritional\r\n\tdeadlock on the Western Front. Originally intended as a joint French-British offensive, French participation had to be drastically curtailed as a result of the German offensive at Verdun, which began in February. Accordingly, the Somme offensive became\r\n\tmainly a British operation and its launch date was advanced to help relieve pressure on the French at Verdun.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tThe battle opened on 1 July 1916 when more than 100,000 British and Dominion troops emerged from their trenches and advanced methodically towards the German lines. The concentrated artillery barrage had failed to destroy the German positions and the enemy\r\n\thad time to man their machine guns and inflict horrendous slaughter on the advancing British. Before the day\u2019s carnage had ended nearly 58,000 British troops had become casualties \u2013 the worst single day\u2019s loss in the history of British arms. Among them\r\n\twere the men of the Newfoundland Regiment which was attached to the British 29th Division. At Beaumont-Hamel the Newfoundlanders advanced into the teeth of German machine-gun fire and were virtually annihilated. Many of the men were bunched together\r\n\tas they struggled to break through the few gaps in the barbed wire and became easy targets. Of the regiment\u2019s more than 800 men, 310 were killed and only 68 unwounded men answered the roll call the next day. The sacrifices of these men are commemorated\r\n\tat the Newfoundland Beaumont-Hamel Memorial.\r\n<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-feature","classes":"","position":4,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifact":["ea00c68c-9766-4423-ac3b-8c31dcb86c0a"]}},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":7,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["03a7834e-0624-401f-afaf-2a86c1f4da10","8abf7062-08c4-40b5-b9bf-69e301c43d70","f2d1c4d2-4e4e-46c5-9636-4bc59ee1ddbb"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":9,"background":"transparent","meta":{"en.content":" At the end of August, with the costly Somme offensive sputtering, the Canadian Corps was transferred from Ypres to the Somme front, establishing itself opposite the shattered village of Courcelette. On 15 September, the Canadians assaulted Courcelette\r\n\talong a two-kilometre front, following the recently devised \u201ccreeping\u201d artillery barrage system whereby the troops advanced as closely as possible to the exploding shells which would jump ahead at precisely timed intervals. This enabled the Canadians\r\n\tto approach close to the enemy before the latter had a chance to emerge from their dug outs and man their defensive machine guns. The seizure of Courcelette was perhaps the most successful moment of the Somme campaign up to that point. It also saw the\r\n\tfirst use of tanks (only 13 of them) on the Western Front. <\/p>\r\n The newly arrived 4th Canadian Division arrived on the Somme in October for its baptism of fire at which time the exhausted Canadian Corps was withdrawn to the Arras-Lens sector, further north. In November, the 4th Division captured Regina Trench, fighting\r\n\tthrough a sea of chalky mud and overcoming fierce enemy resistance. The Somme Campaign was over after five months and more than 624,000 British, Dominion, and French casualties. Among them were 24,000 Canadians. The Germans admitted to overall losses\r\n\tof 466,000. Notwithstanding the seizure of enemy-held territory to a depth of up to 13 kilometres along 35 kilometres of front, the campaign did nothing to alter the strategic situation on the Western Front.\r\n<\/p>","fr.content":" \u00c0 la fin ao\u00fbt, avec l\u2019essoufflement de l\u2019offensive de la Somme, co\u00fbteuse en vies humaines, le Corps canadien est transf\u00e9r\u00e9 d\u2019Ypres vers le front de la Somme et prend position en face du village d\u00e9truit de Courcelette. Le 15 septembre, les Canadiens prennent d\u2019assaut Courcelette le long d\u2019une ligne de front de deux kilom\u00e8tres, profitant du syst\u00e8me de barrage d\u2019artillerie \u00ab roulant \u00bb r\u00e9cemment con\u00e7u, gr\u00e2ce auquel les troupes avancent au plus pr\u00e8s des points de chute d\u2019obus tir\u00e9s au-dessus de leur t\u00eate \u00e0 intervalles r\u00e9guliers. Les Canadiens parviennent ainsi \u00e0 s\u2019approcher \u00e0 port\u00e9e de l\u2019ennemi avant que ce dernier \u00e9merge des tranch\u00e9es pour pourvoir en hommes leurs mitrailleuses d\u00e9fensives. La lib\u00e9ration de Courcelette a probablement constitu\u00e9 alors le point culminant de la campagne de la Somme. Cette bataille a aussi vu le premier usage de chars d\u2019assaut (seulement 13 v\u00e9hicules) sur le front de l\u2019Ouest.<\/p> La 4e<\/sup> division canadienne est fra\u00eechement arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 la Somme en octobre et a connu son bapt\u00eame du feu au moment o\u00f9 le Corps canadien, \u00e9puis\u00e9, a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9vacu\u00e9 du secteur Arras-Lens, plus au nord. En novembre, la 4e<\/sup> division a conquis la tranch\u00e9e Regina, se frayant un chemin dans un oc\u00e9an de boue calcaire et surmontant une r\u00e9sistance ennemie farouche. La campagne de la Somme s\u2019est achev\u00e9e au bout de cinq mois, causant plus de 624 000 victimes britanniques, fran\u00e7aises et des dominions. Parmi ces victimes figuraient quelque 24 000 Canadiens. Pour leur part, les Allemands ont reconnu des pertes totales de 466 000 hommes. La campagne n\u2019a rien chang\u00e9 \u00e0 la situation strat\u00e9gique sur le front de l\u2019Ouest, ne lib\u00e9rant qu\u2019une bande de terre de 35 kilom\u00e8tres de long sur 13 kilom\u00e8tres de profondeur le long de la ligne de front.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-feature","classes":"","position":10,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifact":["61f14095-d468-4c40-8c69-e6dac368939f"]}},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":15,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["1debf81a-b15b-41ae-a2f6-0cbf951d3e37","b22fbc5c-bb92-4360-96ee-e8bdfface7af"],"background":["8c8dc247-ffcf-4c86-93d6-4acbee0a7580"]}},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":18,"background":"dark","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["c9c405c2-fcad-4ecb-b800-2b49e3ada8a0","94a5e347-20aa-45f8-bc01-5089a86ff1ac","0f237fbc-95e0-403a-9407-aa8864f0d00d","62cbdb6e-acf6-42d5-aaaa-de3a9a342960","ddf1c61f-c44b-4d9b-a3e8-b701ae9d93d5","0098de11-41da-4856-ba9d-514f3fb610e2","6bdd1042-158d-49b7-8648-b9141fe4cbb3"]}}],"translations":{"en":{"title":"The Somme Offensive","slug":"somme-offensive","heading":"1 July to 18 November 1916","quote":"\"While I write, the din outside is a veritable hell of sound. Shells are bursting everywhere and our great masses of Canadian artillery are adding their deep bass to the terrible anthem.\"","quote_source":"War Diary of George Hedley Kempling","sources":" En mai 1943, les Alli\u00e9s l\u2019emportent sur les Allemands et les Italiens en Afrique du Nord. C\u2019est en s\u2019emparant de leur prochaine cible, l\u2019\u00eele de Sicile en Italie, que les Alli\u00e9s parviendront \u00e0 s\u00e9curiser la M\u00e9diterrann\u00e9e pour leurs navires, et peut-\u00eatre m\u00eame \u00e0 \u00e9carter l\u2019Italie de la guerre.<\/p> \u00c0 ce moment, les forces canadiennes en Grande-Bretagne comptent environ 250 000 militaires, constituant la Premi\u00e8re Arm\u00e9e canadienne. Celle-ci est divis\u00e9e en deux corps canadiens, qui combinent trois divisions d\u2019infanterie, deux divisions blind\u00e9es et deux brigades blind\u00e9es ind\u00e9pendantes. Ces forces n\u2019ont pas combattu depuis le raid d\u00e9sastreux sur Dieppe en ao\u00fbt 1942. La population et l\u2019arm\u00e9e canadienne r\u00e9clament alors \u00e0 grands cris une action. \u00c0 la demande du Canada, les strat\u00e8ges alli\u00e9s int\u00e8grent \u00e0 la force d\u2019attaque initiale la 1re<\/sup> division d\u2019infanterie canadienne et la 1re<\/sup> brigade blind\u00e9e canadienne, ce qui donne un total de 26 000 soldats, y compris les unit\u00e9s de soutien d\u2019armes et d\u2019\u00e9quipements auxiliaires. La campagne en Sicile sera la premi\u00e8re op\u00e9ration terrestre prolong\u00e9e du Canada apr\u00e8s environ quatre ann\u00e9es de guerre.<\/p>","en.content":" By May 1943, the Allies had defeated the Germans and Italians in North Africa. Capturing their next target, the Italian island of Sicily, would help secure the Mediterranean for Allied shipping and perhaps even knock Italy out of the war.<\/p> At this time, Canadian forces in Britain had grown to about 250,000, organized into First Canadian Army, divided into I and II Canadian Corps; the full force combined three infantry divisions, two armoured divisions, and two independent armoured brigades. Outside of the the ill-fated Dieppe Raid in August 1942, these forces had seen no combat and the\r\nCanadian public and military clamoured for action. At Canadian request, Allied planners included the 1st Canadian Infantry Division and the 1st Canadian\r\nArmy Tank Brigade in the initial assault force, a total of 26,000 troops including supporting arms and ancillary units. The campaign in Sicily would be Canada\u2019s first sustained land operation, after nearly four years of war.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":2,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["d80413d9-b78e-4ff0-aaf0-3a8cd2b84a53"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":3,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":" Le 10 juillet 1943, les Am\u00e9ricains, les Britanniques et les Canadiens lancent l\u2019op\u00e9ration HUSKY et d\u00e9barquent dans le sud de la Sicile. Les Canadiens, qui servent au sein de la 8e<\/sup> arm\u00e9e britannique, arrivent \u00e0 Pachino apr\u00e8s avoir rencontr\u00e9\r\n\ttr\u00e8s peu de r\u00e9sistance des Italiens, d\u00e9moralis\u00e9s et mal \u00e9quip\u00e9s. \u00c0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur des terres, ils croisent des soldats allemands aguerris qui utilisent habilement le relief montagneux et les profonds ravins de la Sicile pour les ralentir. Vu les routes\r\n\tde la r\u00e9gion, renomm\u00e9es pour leur pi\u00e8tre \u00e9tat, et les autres terrains impraticables pour les v\u00e9hicules, l\u2019approvisionnement se fait par des mules.<\/p>\r\n L\u2019infanterie et les chars d\u2019assaut canadiens parcourent rapidement plus de 150 kilom\u00e8tres dans la chaleur accablante et engagent le combat avec les Allemands dans une s\u00e9rie d\u2019affrontements ravageurs au sommet des collines afin de ma\u00eetriser le c\u0153ur de\r\n\tla Sicile. Lorsqu\u2019ils s\u2019emparent de Valguernera, le 17 juillet, les Canadiens se sortent alors d\u2019une bataille am\u00e8re et \u00e9puisante dans laquelle ils auront perdu pr\u00e8s de 150 hommes. Le 5 ao\u00fbt, aux abords d\u2019Assoro, ils saisissent Leonforte, Agira et Regalbuto\r\n\td\u2019une fa\u00e7on tout aussi sinistre. Quant au mont Assoro, il tombe sous le Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment apr\u00e8s que celui-ci eut courageusement escalad\u00e9, en pleine nuit, les falaises escarp\u00e9es qui prot\u00e9geaient les d\u00e9fenses allemandes. Pour la bataille\r\n\tde la Sicile, l\u2019Aviation royale du Canada fournit au total quatre escadrons. Trois escadrons de bombardiers de nuit Wellington bombardent l\u2019Axe sur les terrains d\u2019aviation, les gares de triage, les ports et les villages, tandis que les Spitfires du 417e<\/sup>\tescadron patrouillent dans l\u2019espace a\u00e9rien au-dessus de l\u2019arm\u00e9e en mouvement. Les autres membres de l\u2019Aviation royale du Canada servent quant \u00e0 eux dans la Royal Air Force tout au long de l\u2019op\u00e9ration HUSKY.<\/p>\r\n Le 6 ao\u00fbt, les unit\u00e9s d\u2019infanterie canadienne sont retir\u00e9es des op\u00e9rations actives apr\u00e8s 27 jours cons\u00e9cutifs dans la campagne. Le 17 ao\u00fbt, toute la Sicile appartient aux Alli\u00e9s, mais cette occupation aura co\u00fbt\u00e9 cher : les victimes canadiennes totalisent\r\n\t\u00e0 elles seules 2 310 hommes, dont 562 morts. L\u2019Aviation royale du Canada a de son c\u00f4t\u00e9 perdu 154 soldats suppl\u00e9mentaires lors de ses op\u00e9rations en appui \u00e0 la campagne.<\/p>","en.content":" \r\n\tOn 10 July 1943, the Americans, British, and Canadians launched Operation HUSKY and landed in southern Sicily. The Canadians, serving as part of the British Eighth Army, landed at Pachino and faced very little resistance from the poorly-equipped and dispirited\r\n\tItalians. Moving inland, they encountered seasoned German troops who skilfully used Sicily\u2019s mountainous terrain and deep ravines to slow the advance. Sicily\u2019s notoriously poor roads and other terrain impassable to vehicles meant that many supplies were\r\n\tbrought forward by mules. <\/p>\r\n Canadian infantry and tanks quickly advanced more than 150 kilometres in the sweltering heat and began fighting the Germans in a series of costly hill-top engagements for the control of central Sicily. Seizing Valguernera on 17 July proved a bitter, exhausting\r\n\tstruggle during which the Canadians suffered nearly 150 casualties. By 5 August, nearby Assoro, Leonforte, Agira, and Regalbuto had all fallen to the Canadians in the same grim manner. Monte Assoro fell following the Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment\u2019s\r\n\tdaring night-time scaling of the steep cliffs protecting German defences there. The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) contributed a total of four squadrons to the Battle of Sicily. Three Wellington night bomber squadrons bombed Axis airfields, marshalling\r\n\tyards, ports, and towns while Spitfires from 417 Squadron patrolled the airspace above and beyond the advancing army. Additional members of the RCAF served with Royal Air Force units throughout Operation HUSKY.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tOn 6 August, the Canadian infantry units were withdrawn from active operations following 27 consecutive days of campaigning. By 17 August all of Sicily was in Allied hands. But the cost had been high: Canadian casualties alone totalled 2,310, including\r\n\t562 killed. The RCAF suffered a further 154 fatalities in operations supporting the campaign.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-feature","classes":"","position":4,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifact":["97e77ac7-c874-4597-b8c9-dce26a9808f2"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":5,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":" Le dictateur italien Benito Mussolini est renvers\u00e9 en juillet 1943, et l\u2019Italie est sur le point de se rendre. Les Allemands occupent alors le pays et pr\u00e9parent une s\u00e9rie de lignes d\u00e9fensives, tirant profit des terrains \u00e9lev\u00e9s et des nombreux cours d\u2019eau,\r\n\tpour freiner la progression des Alli\u00e9s vers le centre du pays. Le 3 septembre, la 8e<\/sup> arm\u00e9e britannique, qui comprend des Canadiens, se rend \u00e0 l\u2019extr\u00e9mit\u00e9 sud de l\u2019Italie \u00e0 partir de la Sicile pendant que la 5e<\/sup> arm\u00e9e am\u00e9ricaine,\r\n\tau nord, envahit Salerne. Plus loin, la 1re<\/sup> division canadienne et la 1re<\/sup> brigade blind\u00e9e canadienne atterrissent pr\u00e8s de Reggio de Calabre, mais sont frein\u00e9es par un terrain difficile et les tactiques dilatoires des Allemands.\r\n\tEn octobre, les Canadiens avaient d\u00e9j\u00e0 parcouru le tiers de l\u2019Italie, atteignant Campobasso, au sud de la ligne Gustave qui traverse de part et d\u2019autre la p\u00e9ninsule allemande. Cette ligne constitue un r\u00e9seau de d\u00e9fense dense et fixe con\u00e7u pour ralentir\r\n\tla progression des Alli\u00e9s.<\/p>\r\n Au d\u00e9but d\u00e9cembre, les Canadiens attaquent les d\u00e9fenses allemandes \u00e0 la rivi\u00e8re Moro, au sud d\u2019Ortona. La 1re<\/sup> division traverse alors la rivi\u00e8re et s\u2019empare de San Leonardo apr\u00e8s une lutte d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9e. Les soldats progressent lentement et les\r\n\tpertes sont nombreuses pendant que les Canadiens passent Ortona, prot\u00e9g\u00e9s au sud par une profonde ravine. Apr\u00e8s avoir tent\u00e9 en vain de traverser cette ravine, les troupes canadiennes du Royal 22e<\/sup> R\u00e9giment, aid\u00e9es par l\u2019Ontario Regiment, saisissent\r\n\tCasa Berardi et la conservent malgr\u00e9 les contre-attaques f\u00e9roces des Allemands. C\u2019est l\u00e0 que le capitaine Paul Triquet du Royal 22e<\/sup> R\u00e9giment re\u00e7oit la Croix de Victoria, pour avoir fait preuve d\u2019un leadership inspirant. <\/p>\r\n Le 21 d\u00e9cembre, les Canadiens lancent l\u2019attaque contre Ortona. Ils ne s\u2019empareront toutefois de la ville que le 28 d\u00e9cembre, principalement gr\u00e2ce aux Seaforth Highlanders et au Loyal Edmonton Regiment, apr\u00e8s plusieurs jours \u00e9prouvants et ext\u00e9nuants \u00e0\r\n\tcombattre pour conqu\u00e9rir chaque foyer, chaque rue et chaque p\u00e2t\u00e9 de maisons. La 1re<\/sup> division est an\u00e9antie et s\u00e9rieusement affaiblie, comptant plus de 2 300 victimes depuis son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 la rivi\u00e8re Moro, sans compter 1 600 hommes \u00e9puis\u00e9s par\r\n\tle combat ou malades.<\/p>","en.content":" Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was overthrown in July 1943 and Italy teetered on the brink of surrender. The Germans occupied the country and prepared a series of stout defensive lines, taking advantage of dominating high ground and numerous river\r\n\tlines, to stall Allied progression up the boot of Italy. On 3 September, the British Eighth Army, including the Canadians, crossed from Sicily and landed in the toe of Italy while the U.S. Fifth Army invaded further north at Salerno. The 1st Canadian\r\n\tDivision and the 1st Canadian Army Tank Brigade landed near Reggio di Calabria, their progress slowed by difficult terrain and determined German delaying tactics. By October the Canadians had progressed one-third the length of Italy and reached Campobasso,\r\n\tsouth of the German's peninsula-wide Gustav Line a dense network of linked fixed defences designed to slow the Allied advance. <\/p>\r\n In early December, the Canadians assaulted German defences at the Moro River, south of Ortona. The 1st Division crossed the river and seized San Leonardo after a desperate fight. Progress was slow and casualties high as the Canadians moved on Ortona,\r\n\tprotected from the south by a deep ravine. After some failed attempts to cross this gully, Canadian troops from the Royal 22e Regiment, supported by tanks of the Ontario Regiment, captured Casa Berardi and held it in the face of fierce German counter-attacks;\r\n\tCaptain Paul Triquet of the Royal 22e Regiment would earn the Victoria Cross for his inspiring leadership here.\r\n<\/p>\r\n On 21 December, the Canadians began their assault against Ortona. The city would only be fully captured on 28 December, mainly by the Seaforth Highlanders and the Loyal Edmonton Regiment, following gruelling and harrowing days of fighting block by block,\r\n\tstreet by street, and house to house. \u00a0The 1st Division was left shattered and seriously depleted, having suffered more than 2,300 casualties since arriving at the Moro, exclusive of a further 1,600 men suffering illness or battle exhaustion.\r\n<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":6,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["2736e086-5e0f-4f85-b549-c772864a371d","5356ba03-a664-409f-aa77-99a1926d8321"]}},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":7,"background":"transparent","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["d47cbd3c-53c4-4b1f-bccc-3ab1248d1358","326b54fe-f20f-4d3b-a2f8-79eaae6de90b","f0f3a1b6-2cc4-40aa-b59b-20c392a8237c","d1fc43b9-4c18-4c45-8af1-7aa9b90d1b10","0770a362-d310-45ad-a12e-b5d452c26586","a7c9fa08-35d6-47cc-a022-a89d94554a85","3dabf01b-88b3-496d-bf14-1c51cc9e8eb4","130f1e80-519a-4787-8422-3205eda1ab88"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":8,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":" Au d\u00e9but de 1944, la 5e<\/sup> division blind\u00e9e canadienne s\u2019unit \u00e0 la 1re<\/sup> division d\u2019infanterie canadienne et \u00e0 la 1re<\/sup> brigade blind\u00e9e canadienne (renomm\u00e9e ainsi depuis peu) en Italie, formant par ce fait m\u00eame le 1er<\/sup> corps canadien. Ce printemps-l\u00e0, dans le but de s\u2019emparer de Rome, la 8e<\/sup> arm\u00e9e britannique est mandat\u00e9e pour attaquer la ligne Gustave et la formidable ligne Hitler, situ\u00e9e tout juste au nord, dans la vall\u00e9e de la Liri. C\u2019est le 23 mai que les Canadiens attaquent la ligne Hitler en compagnie des autres forces alli\u00e9es. Cet endroit terrifiant pr\u00e9sente des bunkers de b\u00e9ton, des tourelles de chars d'assauts servant d\u2019artillerie fixe, une grande concentration de mitrailleuses et de mortiers, des fortifications b\u00e2ties en terre et de denses bandes de mines terrestres et de barbel\u00e9s. Malgr\u00e9 cela, le 1er<\/sup> corps canadien parvient \u00e0 forcer la ligne Hitler et \u00e0 traverser la rivi\u00e8re Melfa. Le major J.K. Mahoney du Royal Westminster Regiment recevra la Croix de Victoria pour son r\u00f4le dans cet affrontement provoqu\u00e9 par une puissante contre-attaque allemande.\u00a0<\/p> Le 4 juin, les Alli\u00e9s entrent \u00e0 Rome. Les Canadiens ont alors droit \u00e0 une p\u00e9riode de repos au sein de la r\u00e9serve en vue d\u2019int\u00e9grer les milliers de renforts dont l\u2019arm\u00e9e a grand besoin. Entre-temps, les Alli\u00e9s avancent vers le nord, s\u2019emparant au passage de Florence (avec l\u2019aide de la 1re<\/sup> division canadienne) et de Pise. Or, les Allemands ont cr\u00e9\u00e9 une autre puissante ligne d\u00e9fensive \u2013 la ligne Gothique \u2013 pour prot\u00e9ger le nord industriel de l\u2019Italie. C\u2019est alors que les Canadiens, bien repos\u00e9s, dirigent l\u2019attaque des Alli\u00e9s, d\u00e9clench\u00e9e le 25 ao\u00fbt. L\u2019objectif du Canada est de franchir la ligne Gothique le long de la c\u00f4te Adriatique, \u00e0 Pesaro, et de d\u00e9passer Rimini. La progression est lente et les pertes, lourdes, car les Allemands d\u00e9fendent avidement les six lignes fluviales qui entravent la route des Canadiens. \u00c0 la rivi\u00e8re Savio, le soldat Ernest \u00ab Smokey \u00bb Smith des Seaforth Highlanders re\u00e7oit la Croix de Victoria pour son exploit courageux : il a attaqu\u00e9 seul, dans un combat rapproch\u00e9, un groupe de l\u2019infanterie allemande accompagn\u00e9 de chars. Bien que la ligne Gothique soit enfin franchie, ce n\u2019est que le 22 septembre que le mur de d\u00e9fense des Allemands est perc\u00e9. Pendant ce processus, chez les Canadiens, le bilan s\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8ve \u00e0 plus de 2 500 victimes.\u00a0<\/p> La progression des troupes est aussi frein\u00e9e par l\u2019automne pluvieux. N\u00e9anmoins, au d\u00e9but d\u00e9cembre, les Canadiens s\u2019emparent de Ravenne, juste avant que les intemp\u00e9ries les forcent \u00e0 interrompre leur offensive. La campagne d\u2019Italie prend alors fin pour les Canadiens. En f\u00e9vrier 1945, le 1er<\/sup> corps canadien est transf\u00e9r\u00e9 dans le nord-ouest de l\u2019Europe pour y retrouver la Premi\u00e8re Arm\u00e9e canadienne. Plus de 92 000 militaires canadiens ont servi en Italie. Il y eut pr\u00e8s de 26 000 victimes, dont plus de 5 400 morts.<\/p>","en.content":" In early 1944, the 5th Canadian Armoured Division joined 1st Canadian Infantry Division and the (recently renamed) 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade in Italy, forming I Canadian Corps. That spring, in an effort to capture Rome, the British Eighth Army was tasked with assaulting the Gustav Line and the formidable Hitler Line just to its north in the Liri Valley. The Canadians attacked the Hitler Line on 23 May with other allied forces. This daunting position consisted of concrete bunkers, tank turrets serving as fixed artillery, a heavy concentration of machine guns and mortars, constructed earthworks, and dense bands of land mines and barbed wire. Despite this, I Canadian Corps successfully breached the Hitler Line and crossed the Melfa River, where Major J.K. Mahoney of the Westminster Regiment won a Victoria Cross for his role in beating back a powerful German counterattack.<\/p> On 4 June, the Allies entered Rome. The Canadians had been placed in reserve for a rest and to integrate thousands of desperately needed reinforcements. The allies advanced northward, capturing Florence (with the support of 1st Canadian Division) and Pisa. The Germans had established yet another powerful defensive line \u2013 the Gothic Line \u2013 to protect Italy\u2019s industrial north. The refreshed Canadians led this Allied assault which began on 25 August. The Canadian objective was to breach the Gothic Line along the Adriatic coast at Pesaro and advance to Rimini beyond. It was slow going and losses were heavy as the Germans stoutly defended the six river lines that lay in the Canadians\u2019 path. At the Savio River, Private Ernest \u201cSmokey\u201d Smith of the Seaforth Highlanders won the Victoria Cross for a legendary feat of courage by single-handedly defeating a cluster of German infantry and tanks in very close combat. Although the Gothic Line had been penetrated, it took until 22 September to fully pierce the Germans\u2019 defensive barrier. The Canadians suffered more than 2,500 casualties in the process.<\/p> A rainy autumn slowed further significant advances. The Canadians captured Ravenna in early December before harsh weather put a stop to offensive operations. The Italian campaign had come to an end for the Canadians. In February 1945, I Canadian Corps transferred to Northwest Europe and reunited with First Canadian Army. More than 92,000 Canadians served in Italy at a cost of 26,000 casualties, including more than 5,400 dead.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":9,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["5ddeaaa0-0080-4d55-8079-65d95ae66286"]}},{"template":"artifact-feature","classes":"","position":10,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifact":["a14bb317-2565-4913-8c2a-ba80efa1e353"]}}],"translations":{"en":{"title":"The Invasion of Sicily and the Italian Campaign","slug":"invasion-of-sicily-italian-campaign","heading":"10 July 1943 - February 1945","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":"","seo_title":"The Invasion of Sicily and the Italian Campaign","seo_description":"By May 1943, the Allies had defeated the Germans and Italians in North Africa."},"fr":{"title":"L'invasion de la Sicile et la campagne d'Italie","slug":"l-invasion-de-la-sicile-et-la-campagne-d-italie","heading":"Du 10 juillet 1943 au mois de f\u00e9vrier 1945","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":"","seo_title":"L'Invasion de la Sicile et la campagne d'Italie","seo_description":"En mai 1943, les Alli\u00e9s l\u2019emportent sur les Allemands et les Italiens en Afrique du Nord."}},"media":{"thumbnail":["1b371e27-bb86-4a65-b186-1cae78022aeb"],"feature":["5d231587-68be-4243-b7ca-74425c582428"]}},"7c53c86a-b4e9-4b37-beb0-cdda988338e4":{"id":"7c53c86a-b4e9-4b37-beb0-cdda988338e4","timeline_date":"1915-01-01 00:00:00","type":"narrative","title":"Helen Josephine Enright","slug":"enright","heading":"\"Nellie\" : A Nurse Through Two Wars","quote":"\"[I'm] ready to go at anytime...\"","quote_source":"Helen (Nellie) Josephine Enright, 28 October 1914","sources":" Helen \u00ab Nellie \u00bb Josephine Enright est n\u00e9e \u00e0 Ottawa le 14 septembre 1882. Elle est la fille de John Enright, ferblantier, et de son \u00e9pouse Alice. Les cinq enfants de ce couple ont fr\u00e9quent\u00e9 le couvent Notre-Dame-du-Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur d\u2019Ottawa, au primaire et\r\n\tau secondaire. Nellie a quitt\u00e9 Ottawa pour suivre, de 1906 \u00e0 1909, les cours de l\u2019\u00e9cole des infirmi\u00e8res de l\u2019H\u00f4pital Royal Victoria, rattach\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 McGill, \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al. Apr\u00e8s avoir obtenu son dipl\u00f4me, elle a travaill\u00e9 au Roosevelt Hospital de\r\n\tNew York \u00e0 titre d\u2019infirmi\u00e8re-chef, avant de revenir \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al en 1912 pour travailler \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4pital Royal Victoria.<\/p>\r\n En octobre 1914, deux mois apr\u00e8s le d\u00e9clenchement de la Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale, Nellie \u00e9crivait au secr\u00e9taire du Conseil de la milice, s'affirmant \u00ab pr\u00eate \u00e0 partir n\u2019importe quand \u00bb. Plusieurs mois plus tard, elle s\u2019est enr\u00f4l\u00e9e officiellement aupr\u00e8s\r\n\tde l\u2019h\u00f4pital g\u00e9n\u00e9ral canadien no<\/sup> 3, dont le personnel \u00e9tait compos\u00e9 d\u2019infirmi\u00e8res et de m\u00e9decins de son alma mater, l\u2019Universit\u00e9 McGill. Le contingent de McGill s\u2019est embarqu\u00e9 pour l\u2019Angleterre le 6 mai 1916.<\/p>\r\n Tout au long de la guerre, Nellie a souvent \u00e9t\u00e9 affect\u00e9e \u00e0 d\u2019autres postes sanitaires. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 envoy\u00e9e \u00ab plus haut dans la cha\u00eene \u00bb, au troisi\u00e8me poste d\u2019\u00e9valuation sanitaire, canadien pour participer au triage des soldats bless\u00e9s avant leur envoi\r\n\tvers les h\u00f4pitaux. Elle a \u00e9galement servi \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4pital g\u00e9n\u00e9ral no<\/sup> 1 d\u2019\u00c9taples, apr\u00e8s le bombardement de cette ville en 1918. Une fois la guerre finie, Nellie a re\u00e7u le titre de membre associ\u00e9e de l\u2019Ordre de la Croix-Rouge royale pour son attachement\r\n\tau devoir. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9mobilis\u00e9e en Grande-Bretagne le 9 mai 1919, retournant au Canada cinq jours plus tard.<\/p>\r\n Nellie a poursuivi sa formation m\u00e9dicale apr\u00e8s la guerre, acqu\u00e9rant des comp\u00e9tences d\u2019anesth\u00e9siste. Elle a continu\u00e9 de travailler comme infirmi\u00e8re militaire pendant plusieurs ann\u00e9es \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, \u00e0 la fois \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4pital militaire Prince of Wales et \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4pital\r\n\tmilitaire de Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue. En 1922, \u00e0 40 ans, elle est retourn\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4pital Royal Victoria, o\u00f9 elle a pass\u00e9 le reste de sa carri\u00e8re civile.<\/p>","en.content":" Helen \u201cNellie\u201d Josephine Enright was born in Ottawa on 14 September 1882 to tinsmith John Enright and his wife Alice. Nellie and four of her siblings attended elementary school and high school at the Ottawa Sacred Heart Convent. She then left Ottawa to\r\n\tattend the Royal Victoria Hospital School of Nursing, part of McGill University in Montreal, from 1906 to 1909. After graduation, she worked at the Roosevelt Hospital in New York as the head nurse, before returning to Montreal in 1912 to work at the\r\n\tRoyal Victoria Hospital.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tIn October 1914, two months following the outbreak of the First World War, Nellie wrote to the Secretary of the Militia Council, saying she was \u201cready to go at anytime.\u201d Several months later she officially enlisted with No. 3 Canadian General Hospital,\r\n\twhich was staffed by nurses and doctors from her alma mater, McGill University. The McGill contingent sailed for England on 6 May 1916.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tThroughout the war, Nellie was frequently loaned to other medical stations. She was sent \u201cfurther up the line\u201d to No. 3 Canadian Casualty Clearing Station to help triage wounded soldiers before they were sent to hospitals. She also served at No. 1 General\r\n\tHospital in \u00c9taples after it was hit by German bombs in 1918. After the war, Nellie was awarded the Royal Red Cross, Second Class for her devotion to duty. She was demobilized in Britain on 9 May 1919 and returned to Canada five days later.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tNellie continued her medical training post-war, qualifying as an anesthetist. She continued to work in military nursing for several years in Montr\u00e9al, at both the Prince of Wales military hospital and at the St. Anne de Bellevue military hospital. In\r\n\t1922, at the age of forty, she returned to the Royal Victoria Hospital, where she spent the remainder of her civilian career.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-feature","classes":"","position":3,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifact":["4d1802f9-61ad-4958-8681-ba81d3450a9c"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":4,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":" Au d\u00e9but de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Nellie a \u00e0 nouveau \u00e9crit \u00e0 des hauts grad\u00e9s de l'arm\u00e9e pour se porter volontaire. Elle s\u2019est enr\u00f4l\u00e9e dans le Corps de sant\u00e9 royal canadien en f\u00e9vrier 1940. Elle ne satisfaisait pas aux normes physiques pour servir\r\n\toutre-mer au cours de la guerre, mais \u00e9tait admissible au service au Canada. Elle a travaill\u00e9 au d\u00e9p\u00f4t no<\/sup> 8 pendant plusieurs mois, mais a \u00e9t\u00e9 lib\u00e9r\u00e9e en 1940 pour \u00eatre mut\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019Aviation royale du Canada (ARC) afin de mettre \u00e0 profit son\r\n\texp\u00e9rience au nouveau service d\u2019infirmi\u00e8res de la Division f\u00e9minine.<\/p>\r\n Nellie a suivi le cours de soins infirmiers de l\u2019Aviation pour \u00eatre admissible \u00e0 travailler au sein de l\u2019ARC. M\u00eame si elle a en fait \u00e9chou\u00e9 le cours, n\u2019obtenant qu\u2019une note globale de 49 %, elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 admise sur la base de son exp\u00e9rience ant\u00e9rieure. Elle\r\n\test devenue la matrone, surveillante des infirmi\u00e8res stagiaires \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4pital de la base de l\u2019ARC de St. Thomas, en Ontario. Son officier sup\u00e9rieur l\u00e0-bas, le colonel d\u2019aviation Collis, a \u00e9crit qu\u2019elle dirigeait bien le personnel infirmier malgr\u00e9 les conditions\r\n\tdifficiles et qu\u2019elle pouvait faire face \u00e0 toute \u00e9ventualit\u00e9.<\/p>\r\n En 1941, elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 mut\u00e9e \u00e0 la base de l\u2019ARC de Gander (Terre-Neuve). Elle a fait l\u2019objet de rapports analogues en mati\u00e8re de comp\u00e9tence et d\u2019efficacit\u00e9, mais son \u00e2ge et la maladie qui s\u2019installait ont peu \u00e0 peu nui \u00e0 sa capacit\u00e9 de faire son travail\r\n\tefficacement. En plus d'\u00eatre souvent malade, elle s\u2019est bless\u00e9e lors d\u2019une chute en novembre 1941. En janvier 1942, le nouveau commandant \u00e0 Gander, le colonel d\u2019aviation Foss, a d'abord recommand\u00e9 qu\u2019elle soit mut\u00e9e \u00e0 un endroit au climat plus cl\u00e9ment,\r\n\tpuis qu'elle prenne sa retraite. <\/p>\r\n Nellie a pris officiellement sa retraite en f\u00e9vrier 1943. Au cours des ann\u00e9es suivantes, on lui a diagnostiqu\u00e9 un cancer du sein, dont les m\u00e9tastases s\u2019\u00e9taient d\u00e9j\u00e0 r\u00e9pandues \u00e0 la peau et aux os. Elle a rendu l\u2019\u00e2me le 23 avril 1947 \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4pital Royal Victoria,\r\n\to\u00f9 elle avait pass\u00e9 une bonne partie de sa carri\u00e8re. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 inhum\u00e9e pr\u00e8s de ses parents et d'autres membres de sa famille au cimeti\u00e8re Notre-Dame d\u2019Ottawa.<\/p>","en.content":" At the beginning of the Second World War, Nellie again wrote to top military officials to volunteer her services. She enlisted in the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps in February 1940. She did not meet the physical standards to serve overseas during\r\n\tthe war, but was eligible for service in Canada. She worked at No. 8 Depot for several months, but was discharged in 1940 to transfer to the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) in order to lend her experience to the newly formed Women\u2019s Division nursing\r\n\tservice.\r\n<\/p>\r\n Nellie took the aviation nursing course to qualify to work for the RCAF. Although she actually failed the course, only achieving a grade of 49% overall, she was admitted based on her previous experience. She became the matron, supervisor of the junior\r\n\tnurses, at R.C.A.F. Station Hospital in St. Thomas, Ontario. Her senior officer at St. Thomas, Group Captain Collis, wrote that she ran the nursing staff well under difficult conditions and could rise to any occasion.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tIn 1941 she transferred to the RCAF base at Gander, Newfoundland. She received similar reports of competency and efficiency, but at this point her age and ill health began to impede her ability to do her job effectively. She was frequently ill and injured\r\n\therself in a fall in November 1941. In January 1942, the new commanding officer at Gander, Group Captain Foss, recommended first that she be transferred somewhere warmer, and then advised that she be retired.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tNellie officially retired in February 1943. In the following years, she was diagnosed with breast cancer, which had already spread to her skin and bones. She passed away on 23 April 1947, in the Royal Victoria Hospital, where she had spent so much of\r\n\ther career. She was buried next to her parents and siblings at the Notre Dame Cemetery in Ottawa.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":6,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["5d6518f2-c228-442d-84bf-acccb8894295","888deb46-9b0a-4395-a450-af1a4a8e8892"]}}],"translations":{"en":{"title":"Helen Josephine Enright","slug":"enright","heading":"\"Nellie\" : A Nurse Through Two Wars","quote":"\"[I'm] ready to go at anytime...\"","quote_source":"Helen (Nellie) Josephine Enright, 28 October 1914","sources":" La campagne de Normandie a donn\u00e9 le coup d\u2019envoi \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration de l\u2019Europe de l\u2019Ouest par les Alli\u00e9s. Avant la fin du mois de juillet, plus de 1,5 million de soldats et 300 000 v\u00e9hicules alli\u00e9s s\u2019\u00e9taient d\u00e9vers\u00e9s sur les plages de Normandie. La 3e<\/sup> division et la 2e <\/sup>brigade blind\u00e9e canadienne ont \u00e9t\u00e9 rejointes par la 2e<\/sup> division d\u2019infanterie canadienne et la 4e<\/sup> division blind\u00e9e canadienne, organis\u00e9es sous le nom de 2e<\/sup> corps canadien. Des dizaines de milliers de Canadiens ont \u00e9t\u00e9 plong\u00e9s dans le feu de l'action en Normandie. C\u2019est au cours de ce mois qu\u2019ont d\u00e9but\u00e9 les op\u00e9rations du quartier g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la Premi\u00e8re Arm\u00e9e canadienne. Cette puissante formation int\u00e9grait des forces britanniques et polonaises en sus des canadiennes.<\/p> Le mois suivant les d\u00e9barquements du jour J, la situation en Normandie a vir\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019impasse, les Allemands ayant magistralement contenu la zone d\u2019invasion tandis que les Alli\u00e9s se regroupaient sur une t\u00eate de pont \u00e9troite, mais grandissante. Les Am\u00e9ricains se tenaient \u00e0 l\u2019ouest, luttant au niveau de la p\u00e9ninsule du Cotentin. Les Britanniques et les Canadiens, quant \u00e0 eux, se massaient devant Caen. Les Allemands occupaient d\u2019excellentes positions d\u00e9fensives diss\u00e9min\u00e9es dans la campagne environnante. Les combats avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 f\u00e9roces et ils se sont progressivement transform\u00e9s en guerre d\u2019usure durant laquelle les positions canadiennes essuy\u00e8rent des bombardements d'artillerie et de mortiers constants. Les tributs de juin et juillet ont \u00e9t\u00e9 terribles : des centaines de soldats d\u2019infanterie canadiens souffrant d\u2019\u00ab \u00e9puisement au combat \u00bb ont \u00e9t\u00e9 retir\u00e9s du front, puis renvoy\u00e9s au combat apr\u00e8s une p\u00e9riode de r\u00e9tablissement. Au cours de la premi\u00e8re semaine de combats en Normandie, la 3e<\/sup> division d\u2019infanterie canadienne avait subi pr\u00e8s de 3 000 pertes humaines.<\/p> Les 9 et 10 juillet, les troupes canadiennes et britanniques ont finalement pu lib\u00e9rer la ville de Caen, un carrefour de ravitaillement important, lourdement ravag\u00e9 par les bombardiers alli\u00e9s. Les Canadiens ont ensuite men\u00e9 une s\u00e9rie d\u2019offensives difficiles et co\u00fbteuses en vies humaines sur la ville de Falaise, \u00e0 quelque 40 kilom\u00e8tres au sud-est. \u00c0 ce moment, la plupart des forces blind\u00e9es allemandes \u00e9taient d\u00e9ploy\u00e9es sur les fronts britanniques et canadiens, ce qui a rendu l\u2019avanc\u00e9e d\u2019une lenteur insupportable. Les Allemands ont repouss\u00e9 les premiers assauts contre la cr\u00eate de Verri\u00e8res, un relief important au sud de Caen. Le 25 juillet, les forces am\u00e9ricaines ont jailli de leur t\u00eate de pont et d\u00e9ferl\u00e9 vers le sud et l\u2019ouest. Ce m\u00eame jour, l\u2019op\u00e9ration SPRING, une tentative des Canadiens de conqu\u00e9rir la cr\u00eate de Verri\u00e8res, a tourn\u00e9 au d\u00e9sastre Le Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) de Montr\u00e9al a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9cim\u00e9, subissant 307 pertes.\u00a0<\/p>","en.content":" The Normandy Campaign was the beginning of the Allied\r\nliberation of Western Europe. Before the end of July, the Allies would land more than 1.5 million troops and\r\n300,000 vehicles on the beaches of Normandy. The 3rd Division and the 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade were joined by the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division and the 4th Canadian Armoured Division, organized as II Canadian Corps. Tens of thousands of Canadians saw action in Normandy.\r\n\t\r\nThat month, the headquarters of First Canadian Army became operational; this powerful field formation included British and Polish forces in addition to the Canadians.\u00a0<\/p> For\r\nthe first month following the D-Day landings, a stalemate developed in Normandy\r\nduring which the Germans skillfully sealed off the invasion area while the\r\nAllies built up their forces in a narrow but slowly growing bridgehead, the\r\nAmericans to the west fighting at the neck of the Cotentin Peninsula and the\r\nBritish and Canadians amassing before Caen.\r\nThe Germans occupied excellent defensive positions throughout the campaign and the fighting was fierce. It became a battle of attrition with Canadian positions subjected to constant artillery and mortar\r\n\tfire. This took its toll in June and July as hundreds of Canadian infantrymen suffering from \u201cbattle exhaustion\u201d were pulled from the line, often returning to combat following a period of recovery. In\r\n\tthe first week of fighting in Normandy, the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division alone suffered nearly 3,000 casualties. <\/p> \r\nOn\r\n9-10 July, British and Canadian troops finally captured the city of Caen, an\r\nimportant transportation hub that was severely damaged by Allied bombers. The Canadians then took part in a series of difficult and costly offensives towards the town of Falaise, a scant 40 kilometres to the south-east. At this time,\u00a0 the bulk of German armoured forces were arrayed against the British and Canadian front which made progress agonizingly slow. The Germans defeated early assaults against Verri\u00e8res Ridge, which was an important terrain feature south of Caen. On 25\r\n\tJuly American forces broke out of their bridgehead and raced to the south and west. That same day Operation SPRING, a Canadian attempt to seize Verri\u00e8res Ridge, ended in disaster, with Montreal\u2019s Black Watch (The Royal Highland Regiment) being\r\n\tdecimated, suffering 307 casualties. <\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":2,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["a656a587-f63f-488d-acfe-9a94adb105f8","75dac28f-bc4f-4c9a-80ee-ac33a68e496a","8894fdf4-4cba-44f9-9081-4bcb5006ff1f"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":3,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":" L\u2019objectif\r\nde l'offensive canadienne vers Falaise \u00e9tait de r\u00e9aliser une jonction avec les\r\nforces am\u00e9ricaines venues du sud-ouest afin d\u2019encercler les forces allemandes\r\nen Normandie. Le 8\u00a0ao\u00fbt, le 2e<\/sup>\u00a0Corps canadien lan\u00e7ait l\u2019op\u00e9ration\r\nTOTALIZE qui, parall\u00e8lement aux activit\u00e9s men\u00e9es pour occuper la cr\u00eate de\r\nVerri\u00e8res, n\u2019a pu maintenir l\u2019\u00e9lan vers Falaise face \u00e0 une r\u00e9sistance allemande\r\nd\u00e9termin\u00e9e. De plus, les pertes \u00e9taient lourdes. Les Canadiens ont refait une\r\ntentative le 14\u00a0ao\u00fbt avec l\u2019op\u00e9ration TRACTABLE, parvenant enfin \u00e0\r\ncapturer Falaise le 17\u00a0ao\u00fbt. Malheureusement, ils n\u2019ont pas r\u00e9ussi \u00e0\r\nrejoindre les Am\u00e9ricains. Ils ont cess\u00e9 leur avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 Argentan, ville\r\nconstituant la fronti\u00e8re entre les arm\u00e9es, \u00e0 30\u00a0kilom\u00e8tres au sud. La\r\nc\u00e9l\u00e8bre \u00ab\u00a0poche\u00a0\u00bb de Falaise qui s\u2019\u00e9tait form\u00e9e entre les deux arm\u00e9es\r\na permis \u00e0 des dizaines de milliers de soldats allemands d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9s de fuir\r\nvers l\u2019est afin d\u2019\u00e9viter d\u2019\u00eatre captur\u00e9s. Des milliers d\u2019autres hommes ont\r\nperdu la vie \u00e0 la suite des attaques a\u00e9riennes incessantes des Alli\u00e9s. \r\n<\/p>\r\n Les\r\nAm\u00e9ricains ont avanc\u00e9 le long de la partie nord de la route vers Chambois,\r\ntandis que la 4e<\/sup>\u00a0division blind\u00e9e canadienne s\u2019approchait de la\r\n\u00ab\u00a0poche\u00a0\u00bb. Le 19\u00a0ao\u00fbt, un escadron \u00e9puis\u00e9 de chars Sherman du\r\nSouth Alberta Regiment, sous le commandement inspir\u00e9 du major David Currie, a\r\natteint le village de Saint-Lambert-sur-Dives, travers\u00e9 par l\u2019unique route\r\naccessible permettant aux Allemands ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 leurs centaines de v\u00e9hicules et\r\nde chariots tir\u00e9s par des chevaux de fuir la \u00ab\u00a0poche\u00a0\u00bb. Les chars du\r\nmajor Currie disposaient du soutien d\u2019une centaine d\u2019hommes du Hamilton\u2019s\r\nArgyle et des Sutherland Highlanders, puis de renforts du Lincoln and Welland\r\nRegiment. C\u2019est cette force canadienne r\u00e9duite qui a finalement r\u00e9ussi \u00e0\r\nrefermer la \u00ab\u00a0poche\u00a0\u00bb de Falaise. Le major Currie n\u2019a pris aucun\r\nrepos durant 48\u00a0heures. Il a organis\u00e9 la d\u00e9fense victorieuse de Saint-Lambert\r\nau cours de laquelle les Canadiens ont tu\u00e9 ou bless\u00e9 800\u00a0soldats allemands\r\net en ont fait prisonniers plus de 2\u00a0000. Le major Currie s\u2019est vu\r\nd\u00e9cerner la croix de Victoria pour ses efforts.\r\n<\/p>\r\n Le 21\u00a0ao\u00fbt, apr\u00e8s des jours de combats incessants, les Allemands avaient soit\r\nbattu en retraite, soit \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9limin\u00e9s dans la \u00ab\u00a0poche\u00a0\u00bb de Falaise,\r\nbroy\u00e9s entre les tenailles form\u00e9es par les troupes canadiennes, britanniques et\r\nam\u00e9ricaines. La campagne de Normandie \u00e9tait achev\u00e9e et les Alli\u00e9s ont poursuivi\r\nles Allemands hors de France vers le nord, en Belgique, aux Pays-Bas et\r\nfinalement, jusqu\u2019en Allemagne. Malgr\u00e9 cette victoire arrach\u00e9e de haute lutte,\r\nla guerre a dur\u00e9 jusqu\u2019en mai\u00a01945.\r\n<\/p>","en.content":" The aim of the Canadian offensive towards Falaise was to join an American advance from the southwest to encircle German forces in Normandy. On 8 August, II Canadian Corps launched Operation TOTALIZE which, while managing to occupy Verri\u00e8res Ridge, could\r\n\tnot maintain its momentum towards Falaise in the face of determined German resistance and heavy casualties. The Canadians tried again on 14 August with Operation TRACTABLE, finally capturing Falaise on 17 August. Unfortunately, they failed to link up\r\n\twith the Americans, who had stopped at Argentan, the inter-army boundary, 30 kilometres to the south. The famous Falaise \u201cGap\u201d which developed between the two armies allowed tens of thousands of desperate German troops to flee eastward and avoid capture.\r\n\tThousands of others were killed as a result of relentless attacks by Allied aircraft. <\/p>\r\n The Americans advanced north part of the way to Chambois while the 4th Canadian Armoured Division moved to close the \u201cGap.\u201d On 19 August a depleted squadron of Sherman tanks of the South Alberta Regiment under the inspired leadership of Major David Currie\r\n\treached the village of St. Lambert-sur-Dives through which passed the only available road out of the \u201cpocket\u201d for the Germans and their hundreds of vehicles and horse-drawn wagons. Currie\u2019s tanks were supported by about 100 men from Hamilton\u2019s Argyle\r\n\tand Sutherland Highlanders, later reinforced by men of the Lincoln and Welland Regiment. This small Canadian force became responsible for finally closing the Falaise \u201cGap.\u201d Currie did not rest for 48 hours. He successfully organized the defence of St.\r\n\tLambert and the Canadians killed or wounded 800 German troops and captured more than 2,000. For his efforts, Currie was awarded the Victoria Cross.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n\tBy 21 August, after non-stop fighting, the Germans had either retreated or been destroyed inside the Falaise \"Pocket\" between the Canadian-British and American pincers. The Allies pursued the Germans north out of France,\r\n\tinto Belgium, the Netherlands, and eventually into Germany itself. Despite this hard-fought victory, the war would last until May 1945.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":4,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["48e6cc7d-dd0d-494a-8d1d-5c01b2d6f907","275109b3-e4b4-4467-b185-a0540174b300","231f3444-3f63-422f-b7fe-ddfb8f9c8b6b","8dc4540b-b6c0-4a29-b7fd-c9428c13bb0b"]}},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":5,"background":"transparent","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["535807a3-56b1-44d6-bb66-d81cab21c983","15f874ca-15c5-4ce2-84c1-047bbc5bf4ad","9986518a-907d-4a48-881e-0bf9cdfb975b","8b23ab76-4fed-4c26-9a0c-089ba37cbdd1","04573bbf-4826-4987-afad-bad9ace0ca32","a5431a61-c7b3-4632-9051-638696918bd6","56bda141-e554-4255-8b91-e2b255dd7b6f","7ad679da-1ee8-450a-820b-d41dca386c78","2dfdc9ce-5744-4e3a-a0d1-0c531bf8d4ea","6d500215-cf45-4ff5-902f-4b69fd471986"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":6,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":"Immenses sont les pertes allemandes durant la campagne de Normandie : 200 000 hommes sont tu\u00e9s, bless\u00e9s ou disparus, et \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s autant sont fait prisonniers. Le co\u00fbt de la victoire a \u00e9t\u00e9 aussi \u00e9lev\u00e9 : plus de 200 000 victimes sont compt\u00e9es chez les Alli\u00e9s, majoritairement am\u00e9ricaines. La campagne de Normandie, qui a dur\u00e9 dix semaines, a fait subir au Canada 18 000 pertes, dont plus de 5 000 morts. La plupart reposent dans deux cimeti\u00e8res de la Commission des s\u00e9pultures de guerre du Commonwealth en Normandie, \u00e0 B\u00e9ny-sur-Mer et \u00e0 Bretteville-sur-Laize.","en.content":"German losses during the Normandy campaign were catastrophic: nearly 200,000 killed, wounded, or missing, and an equal number taken prisoner. The cost of victory was just as high: more than 200,000 total Allied casualties, the majority American. The ten-week\r\nNormandy Campaign cost Canada more than 18,000 casualties, including more than 5,000 killed. Most are buried in the two Canadian Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries in Normandy at B\u00e9ny-sur-Mer and Bretteville-sur-Laize."},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":7,"background":"transparent","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["069f5141-cef7-40c3-9ff0-813836f074eb","0b02a546-7634-42c5-9023-68cb95c6c8d9","01f9e830-e8c8-45ea-a3df-b98923fbafc5","2e249a1a-e6fe-4a1d-9c4b-a49ee8533ee0","9279a029-c1a7-4a6e-9bd4-98e4fc785c4f","080a1fd1-79a9-48a5-960a-f391228a58cb","9a8b7308-ba29-4723-86f2-ecf491aed1d0"]}},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":8,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["3571a24b-617a-44e6-af91-e5f4731c55d2","917d2e0a-ad52-4790-86a2-4c53be75d359","a0cb8b56-4462-4263-8e8e-b7b05f158e85","d1c44e65-5c09-472a-8cf1-493ccd2a33d9"]}},{"template":"artifact-feature","classes":"","position":9,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifact":["ee279479-c016-4bd4-bc13-792c9742e811"]}}],"translations":{"en":{"title":"The Normandy Campaign","slug":"normandy-campaign","heading":"June - August 1944","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":"","seo_title":"The Normandy Campaign","seo_description":"The Normandy Campaign was the beginning of the Allied liberation of Western Europe."},"fr":{"title":"La campagne de Normandie","slug":"la-campagne-de-normandie","heading":"De juin \u00e0 ao\u00fbt 1944","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":"","seo_title":"La Campagne de Normandie","seo_description":"La campagne de Normandie a donn\u00e9 le coup d\u2019envoi \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration de l\u2019Europe de l\u2019Ouest par les Alli\u00e9s."}},"media":{"thumbnail":["15f874ca-15c5-4ce2-84c1-047bbc5bf4ad"],"feature":["dfe30601-5a0b-4701-b2b6-ae521faf9da4"]}},"a6523f78-62c2-46c2-a039-4cd1fa13e3bd":{"id":"a6523f78-62c2-46c2-a039-4cd1fa13e3bd","timeline_date":"1942-08-19 00:00:00","type":"event","title":"The Dieppe Raid","slug":"dieppe-raid","heading":"19 August 1942","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":"","seo_title":"The Dieppe Raid","seo_description":"Since December 1939, when the Canadian Army first landed in Britain, Canadian ground and air forces steadily built up.","modules":[{"template":"text","classes":"","position":1,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":" D\u00e8s le premier jour o\u00f9 l\u2019Arm\u00e9e canadienne d\u00e9barque en Grande-Bretagne, en d\u00e9cembre 1939, les forces terrestres et a\u00e9riennes du Canada se consolident progressivement. \u00c0 l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9 1942, les Forces canadiennes en Grande-Bretagne comptent plus de 250 000 membres; elles n\u2019ont toutefois toujours pas pris part \u00e0 des actions d\u2019envergure. Apr\u00e8s la d\u00e9faite de la France et la conqu\u00eate de l\u2019Europe de l\u2019Ouest par l\u2019Allemagne au printemps 1940, les Canadiens se pr\u00e9parent \u00e0 repousser une invasion allemande qui ne surviendra jamais. Ils s\u2019entra\u00eenent sans rel\u00e2che et participent \u00e0 des exercices militaires \u00e0 grand d\u00e9ploiement. Trois ans apr\u00e8s le d\u00e9clenchement de la guerre, les troupes canadiennes attendent non sans impatience le passage \u00e0 l\u2019action; la population canadienne s\u2019interroge sur le moment o\u00f9 l\u2019arm\u00e9e du pays ira contrer l\u2019ennemi. <\/p> La planification du raid de Dieppe commence au printemps 1942. Cette attaque a plusieurs objectifs : d\u00e9stabiliser les forces d\u2019occupation allemande; infliger des pertes; d\u00e9truire des installations portuaires et autres infrastructures; provoquer l\u2019arm\u00e9e de l\u2019air allemande au combat; obtenir des renseignements sur la technologie allemande; remonter le moral des Alli\u00e9s; mettre \u00e0 l\u2019essai du nouveau mat\u00e9riel et des tactiques nouvelles; obliger les Allemands, esp\u00e8re-t-on, \u00e0 renforcer leurs d\u00e9fenses c\u00f4ti\u00e8res au d\u00e9triment de celles sur le front de l\u2019Est. Les efforts porteront aussi sur l\u2019ouverture d\u2019un deuxi\u00e8me front en Europe occidentale en vue d\u2019\u00e9loigner les forces allemandes du front de l\u2019Est, l\u00e0 o\u00f9 les troupes de l\u2019Union sovi\u00e9tique sont d\u00e9j\u00e0 pleinement mobilis\u00e9es. Les Canadiens acceptent avec empressement la demande des Britanniques de participer au raid. Ils entreprennent aussit\u00f4t un entra\u00eenement intensif en pr\u00e9vision des op\u00e9rations amphibies.<\/p>","en.content":" Since December 1939, when the Canadian Army first landed in Britain, Canadian ground and air forces steadily built up in the country. By the summer of 1942, the Canadian forces in Britain numbered more than 250,000, but they had still seen no major action.\r\n\tFollowing the Germans\u2019 defeat of France and their conquest of western Europe in the spring of 1940, the Canadians prepared to help repel a German invasion that never came. They trained continuously and took part in large-scale military exercises. Three\r\n\tyears following the outbreak of war, Canadian troops were itching for action and the Canadian public, too, wondered when the army would engage the enemy.<\/p>\r\n Planning for the Dieppe Raid began in the spring of 1942. This attack intended to destabilize German occupation forces, inflict casualties, destroy harbour installations and other infrastructure, draw the German air force into combat, gain intelligence\r\n\tabout German technology, raise Allied morale, test new equipment and tactics, and hopefully oblige the Germans to reinforce their coastal defences at the expense of their forces on the eastern front where Soviet Union forces were fully engaged. The Canadians\r\n\teagerly agreed to the British request that they participate in the raid and they soon undertook special training for this complex amphibious operation.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":2,"background":"transparent","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["d24b82a3-fc8f-49fa-9891-18ed3785fe5a","025bc071-84e3-4770-8057-ed0eae101652","861a3357-1864-422f-acbc-4d7ddbc4d0c0","cf3afbb7-7bd5-424d-ac9a-537271410f72"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":4,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":" Pr\u00e9vu\r\nen juillet\u00a01942, le raid, d\u00e9sign\u00e9 initialement sous le nom de code\r\n\u00ab\u00a0op\u00e9ration RUTTER \u00bb, est annul\u00e9 en raison du mauvais temps. Le mois\r\nsuivant, l\u2019op\u00e9ration JUBILEE, nouveau nom du raid, est lanc\u00e9e. Pr\u00e8s de\r\n5\u00a0000\u00a0soldats canadiens y participent, la majorit\u00e9 provenant des 4e<\/sup>\r\net 6e<\/sup>\u00a0brigades de la 2e<\/sup>\u00a0division ainsi que du\r\n14e<\/sup>\u00a0r\u00e9giment\u00a0blind\u00e9 (Calgary Regiment), lequel utilisait les nouveaux\r\nchars d\u2019infanterie\u00a0Churchill. Ces hommes devaient d\u00e9barquer \u00e0\r\ntrois\u00a0endroits\u00a0: \u00e0 Dieppe, le site principal (plages blanche et\r\nrouge); sur le flanc est du petit village baln\u00e9aire de Puys\r\n(plage\u00a0bleue); sur le flanc\u00a0ouest, \u00e0 Pourville (plage\u00a0verte).\r\nLes chars d\u2019assaut devaient d\u00e9barquer \u00e0 Dieppe. Plus loin, le long de la c\u00f4te,\r\nenviron 1\u00a0000\u00a0commandos britanniques attaqueraient \u00e0 l\u2019ouest, \u00e0\r\nVarengeville, et \u00e0 l\u2019est, \u00e0 Berneval, pour d\u00e9truire les sites d\u2019artillerie\r\nc\u00f4tiers. Tout le succ\u00e8s du raid pr\u00e9par\u00e9 \u00e0 la sauvette reposait sur l\u2019effet de\r\nsurprise des Allemands. Les d\u00e9barquements avant l\u2019aube aux cinq\u00a0endroits\r\ndevaient \u00eatre chronom\u00e9tr\u00e9s \u00e0 la perfection pour attaquer par surprise sans que\r\nl\u2019ennemi soit alert\u00e9.<\/p>\r\n Malheureusement,\r\nle plan \u00e9choue et les d\u00e9barquements \u00e0 Dieppe et \u00e0 Puys se r\u00e9v\u00e8lent d\u00e9sastreux.\r\nLes troupes se retrouvent clou\u00e9es sur les plages de galets par le feu \u00e9crasant\r\ndes mortiers et des mitrailleuses de l\u2019artillerie allemande. Elles sont la\r\ncible des rafales de tirs de fusils provenant du haut des falaises qui\r\nsurplombent les zones de d\u00e9barquement et des b\u00e2timents fortifi\u00e9s situ\u00e9s au-del\u00e0\r\nde la digue. Les d\u00e9fenses allemandes seraient pratiquement intactes s\u2019il n\u2019y\r\navait pas eu l\u2019utilisation par les Alli\u00e9s de bombardiers lourds ou de l\u2019artillerie\r\nnavale de gros calibre. Les plages se transforment en pi\u00e8ges mortels; en\r\nquelques heures, des centaines de Canadiens sont bless\u00e9s ou p\u00e9rissent en vain. Malgr\u00e9\r\nl\u2019h\u00e9ro\u00efsme hors du commun d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 par plusieurs Canadiens, peu d\u2019entre eux\r\nparviennent \u00e0 s\u2019introduire dans la ville de Dieppe; encore une fois, ceux qui\r\nr\u00e9ussissent se retrouvent les mains li\u00e9es. La r\u00e9ussite mitig\u00e9e \u00e0 Pourville est\r\ng\u00e2ch\u00e9e par l\u2019arriv\u00e9e de renforts allemands qui infligent de lourdes pertes aux\r\nCanadiens qui s\u2019appr\u00eatent \u00e0 rembarquer. L\u2019agonie perdure jusque vers\r\n14\u00a0heures, moment o\u00f9 l\u2019ultime p\u00e9niche de d\u00e9barquement ram\u00e8ne vers les\r\nnavires au large les survivants du carnage. Le pourcentage de victimes s\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8ve\r\n\u00e0 plus de 60\u00a0%\u00a0: 907\u00a0Canadiens sont tu\u00e9s au combat ou succombent\r\n\u00e0 leurs blessures. De plus, 1\u00a0946\u00a0hommes sont faits prisonniers,\r\nplusieurs d\u2019entre eux \u00e9tant bless\u00e9s.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n L\u2019op\u00e9ration\r\nJUBILEE s\u2019av\u00e8re un \u00e9chec. Les \u00ab\u00a0le\u00e7ons\u00a0\u00bb tir\u00e9es du raid ont \u00e9t\u00e9\r\nd\u00e9battues au fil des ans; toutefois, la plupart des sp\u00e9cialistes conviennent\r\nque la planification du raid a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9ficiente.\u00a0Quoi qu\u2019il en soit, les\r\npertes massives subies \u00e0 Dieppe ont boulevers\u00e9 le Canada et endeuill\u00e9 des\r\nfamilles partout au pays.\r\n<\/p>","en.content":" Initially known as Operation RUTTER, the raid was scheduled for July 1942 but cancelled due to poor weather. The raid was revived the next month as Operation JUBILEE. Nearly 5,000 Canadian troops participated, drawn primarily from the 2nd Division\u2019s 4th and 6th Brigades as well as the 14th Canadian Army Tank Regiment (the Calgary Regiment) operating the new Churchill tanks. These men were to land at three locations: the main site at Dieppe itself (White Beach and Red Beach), on the eastern flank at the tiny seaside village of Puys (Blue Beach), and on the western flank at Pourville (Green Beach). The tanks would land at Dieppe. Further along the coast a total of about 1,000 British Commandos would attack at Varengeville to the west and Berneval to the east to destroy coastal artillery emplacements. Success of the hastily prepared raid mainly depended on catching the Germans off-guard. The pre-dawn landings at all five locations needed to be perfectly timed and co-ordinated to achieve surprise and prevent alerting the enemy. <\/p>\r\n Unfortunately, this did not happen and the landings at Dieppe and Puys were disasters, with troops unable to get off the pebbly beaches due to German artillery, mortar, machine-gun, and rifle fire emanating from the dominating heights on either side of the landing areas and from fortified buildings beyond the seawall. Without Allied use of heavy bombers or the availability of heavy-calibre naval artillery, German defences were largely undamaged. The beaches became death-traps and within hours hundreds of Canadians had been killed or wounded for no gain. Despite great heroism on the part of many men, few Canadians managed to penetrate into the town of Dieppe itself and, once there, could do very little. Limited success at Pourville was marred by the arrival of German reinforcements who inflicted heavy losses on the Canadians when the time came for them to re-embark. The agony continued until about 2 pm when the last landing craft returned to the ships offshore with the survivors of the carnage. The Canadians suffered more than 60 percent casualties, including 907 killed or died of wounds and 1,946 taken prisoner, many of whom were wounded.<\/p>\r\n Operation JUBILEE was a failure. The raid\u2019s merits have been debated over the years, but most scholarship on the matter agrees that, at basis, the raid was poorly conceived. Whatever the case, the massive losses incurred at Dieppe shocked the nation and bereaved Canadian households throughout the land.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":5,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["d27f0f98-0663-4814-a87a-4781d278effe","b5165f87-05d9-4dd0-9422-3cf3d42b95ee","dcf9d031-4247-40ed-9853-0fb71ecf504a","d24ffd0f-13d2-4acf-ac06-6ba5cff36122"]}},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":6,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["68a0cbf3-6727-449d-a91e-b5070eb38f23","d85ecece-49cc-4b99-b8a3-6dd7b796b9f3"]}},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":7,"background":"transparent","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["9eef721c-4f44-4f18-b4a4-d93a2d5eca7c","a39bdbcf-434d-417e-b5f6-425a6c0ea58d","d832780a-558b-4e84-b04b-753e04eeb583","95b93c4e-b710-43e2-aa49-f29497977c3f","eeef6683-4867-4292-9868-af359f2b5a6f","6bfd705b-d51a-4a93-b04d-999e3e2908f6","6c964719-0fd3-4855-b94b-0e749fa4090b"]}},{"template":"artifact-feature","classes":"","position":8,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifact":["7714d66c-d053-4a14-828e-4d5833ec2202"]}}],"translations":{"en":{"title":"The Dieppe Raid","slug":"dieppe-raid","heading":"19 August 1942","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":"","seo_title":"The Dieppe Raid","seo_description":"Since December 1939, when the Canadian Army first landed in Britain, Canadian ground and air forces steadily built up."},"fr":{"title":"Le raid sur Dieppe","slug":"le-raid-sur-dieppe","heading":"Le 19 ao\u00fbt 1942","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":"","seo_title":"","seo_description":""}},"media":{"feature":["1c67253c-e06f-407d-af08-aa78bb472dfa"],"thumbnail":["95b93c4e-b710-43e2-aa49-f29497977c3f"]}},"a73eb513-e2c3-4167-a4f0-ed3149052cc1":{"id":"a73eb513-e2c3-4167-a4f0-ed3149052cc1","timeline_date":"1920-11-11 00:00:00","type":"event","title":"Demobilizing and Recivilizing","slug":"demobilizing-recivilizing","heading":"Life after war","quote":"\u201cI have been thinking hard lately what I will do when I get back and wonder if I will be able to get work soon after I arrive ... I cannot really believe that we are all going home. It seems as if I have done nothing else but soldier all my life.\u201d","quote_source":"Gordon Alexander DeGear, Canadian Field Artillery, letter to his mother, 18 November 1918","sources":" It would still be many months after the fighting was over before the first Canadians came home. The 3rd and 4th Canadian Divisions immediately made their way to England to await repatriation in demobilization camps. The 1st and 2nd Canadian Divisions,\r\n\toriginally part of the occupying force in Germany, joined their compatriots in England to await the journey home in January 1919.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n The actual policies of demobilization were fraught with contrasting opinions. Soldiers, interested in seeing justice done, wanted a \"first one in, first one out\" policy for those who had been overseas the longest. The Government was interested in bringing\r\n\tback skilled workers first in order to avoid a recession during the transition to a peace-time economy. General Currie wanted battalions to be sent home as a whole to maintain order and a sense of unity. Eventually, a compromise was reached: complete\r\n\tunits from the four divisions would be sent home to the tune of 100,000 men, less than half the total number of soldiers overseas. The remainder of the CEF would be organized into waves and their return would be staggered over a period of months.\u00a0\r\n\t De nombreux mois se sont \u00e9coul\u00e9s apr\u00e8s la fin des combats avant que les premiers Canadiens ne rentrent chez eux. Les 3e<\/sup> et 4e<\/sup> divisions canadiennes se sont imm\u00e9diatement rendues en Angleterre o\u00f9 elles ont attendu leur rapatriement dans des camps de d\u00e9mobilisation. Les 1re<\/sup> et 2e<\/sup> divisions canadiennes, faisant partie au d\u00e9part des forces d\u2019occupation en Allemagne, ont rejoint leurs compatriotes en Angleterre en janvier 1919 afin d\u2019y attendre leur rapatriement.\u00a0<\/p> Les politiques de d\u00e9mobilisation alors en vigueur regorgeaient d'opinions contradictoires. Les soldats, avides de justice, \u00e9taient en faveur du principe \u00ab premier mobilis\u00e9, premier rapatri\u00e9 \u00bb pour ceux qui \u00e9taient loin de chez eux depuis le plus longtemps. Le gouvernement souhaitait rapatrier les travailleurs qualifi\u00e9s en premier afin d\u2019\u00e9viter toute r\u00e9cession durant la transition entre des \u00e9conomies de guerre et de paix. Le g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Currie d\u00e9sirait renvoyer les bataillons entiers chez eux afin de conserver l\u2019ordre et un esprit de camaraderie. En d\u00e9finitive, un compromis a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9, des unit\u00e9s compl\u00e8tes des quatre divisions ont \u00e9t\u00e9 renvoy\u00e9es chez elles \u00e0 hauteur de 100 000 hommes, soit moins de la moiti\u00e9 des troupes \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger. Le reste du corps exp\u00e9ditionnaire canadien a \u00e9t\u00e9 rapatri\u00e9 par vagues sur plusieurs mois.\u00a0<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":5,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["3ad1fc17-f221-47ff-a212-1234d11c7004","8e279915-2401-48ef-859c-0bb7bdb149a8"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":6,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":" Lorsque la politique d\u2019ordre de retour a \u00e9t\u00e9 ent\u00e9rin\u00e9e, le transport est devenu l\u2019enjeu\r\nsuivant. Les seuls ports ouverts \u00e9taient ceux de Halifax et de St John, mais\r\nleur efficacit\u00e9 op\u00e9rationnelle \u00e9tait compromise par la grippe espagnole.\r\nHalifax \u00e9tait \u00e9galement alors en cours de reconstruction apr\u00e8s l\u2019explosion de\r\nla ville l\u2019ann\u00e9e pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente. L\u2019ad\u00e9quation des navires avec les besoins du\r\ntransport et la capacit\u00e9 r\u00e9duite des chemins de fer ont \u00e9galement engendr\u00e9 des\r\ndifficult\u00e9s et des retards pour le retour au pays des soldats. <\/p>\r\n Il \u00e9tait indispensable de garder les soldats occup\u00e9s durant la p\u00e9riode d\u2019attente.\r\nLes hommes se sont rapidement ennuy\u00e9s et se sont irrit\u00e9s de l\u2019attente. Les\r\nsports, la chasse et les repr\u00e9sentations th\u00e9\u00e2trales constituaient des mani\u00e8res\r\nde passer le temps pour les hommes en attendant leur retour au pays. L\u2019Universit\u00e9\r\nKhaki, cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 1917 afin d\u2019offrir un enseignement d\u2019introduction\r\nuniversitaire, a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 son programme de formation. Les cours ont \u00e9t\u00e9 suivis\r\npar 50 000 Canadiens durant leur temps libre. En d\u00e9pit de ces efforts\r\npour tenir les soldats occup\u00e9s, de nombreuses plaintes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 re\u00e7ues au sujet\r\nde l\u2019alcoolisation et des comportements dissip\u00e9s des Canadiens. <\/p>\r\n Avant d\u2019embarquer sur les navires, les soldats \u00e9taient \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement d\u00e9mobilis\u00e9s.\r\nIls avaient rempli 13 formulaires et subi une batterie d\u2019examens m\u00e9dicaux et\r\ndentaires afin de d\u00e9terminer leur admissibilit\u00e9 \u00e0 des pensions d\u2019invalidit\u00e9. La\r\nplupart des soldats du corps sont retourn\u00e9s chez eux au printemps 1919,\r\nles derniers d\u2019entre eux arrivant finalement en ao\u00fbt 1919. Une fois de retour au Canada, ils ont mis fin \u00e0 leur carri\u00e8re militaire au poste de\r\nlib\u00e9ration, o\u00f9 ils ont re\u00e7u leur derni\u00e8re solde, leur insigne de service de\r\nguerre ainsi qu\u2019un certificat de mobilisation avant de rentrer chez eux. <\/p>\r\n Il existait des syst\u00e8mes de soutien gouvernementaux et publics pour les soldats de\r\nretour chez eux. En 1918, le gouvernement canadien a cr\u00e9\u00e9 le minist\u00e8re du\r\nR\u00e9tablissement civil des soldats afin d\u2019offrir des soins de sant\u00e9 et des\r\npensions aux anciens combattants. Ce minist\u00e8re avait pour objectif d\u2019aider les\r\nsoldats \u00e0 se r\u00e9ins\u00e9rer ad\u00e9quatement dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 canadienne et \u00e0 subvenir \u00e0\r\nleurs besoins. De nombreux hommes ont subi des blessures telles qu\u2019ils n\u2019ont\r\npas pu retravailler par la suite. De surcro\u00eet, un grand nombre de soldats se\r\nsont vu refuser une pension et des avantages bien m\u00e9rit\u00e9s du fait de politiques\r\nadministratives floues et d\u2019un manque de formation concernant la sant\u00e9 mentale\r\net les maladies chroniques de la part du Minist\u00e8re. <\/p>","en.content":" Once the policy governing who would return when was settled, the issue of transportation became the next concern. The only ports open where Halifax and St. John, and their operational efficacy was compromised by the Spanish Flu; additionally, Halifax\r\n\twas still in the process of rebuilding following the Halifax explosion the previous year. The suitability of ships for transport and the capacity of railroads back home also caused difficulties and delays.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n During the waiting period, keeping the soldiers occupied became crucial. The men rapidly grew bored and frustrated with the delays. Sports, hunting, and theatre were all ways to pass the time until the men could be shipped home. The Khaki University,\r\n\tcreated in 1917 to give enlisted men an introductory university education, expanded its program. 50,000 Canadians took courses to fill their idle hours. Despite these efforts to keep them occupied, complaints of drunk and disorderly behaviour were frequently\r\n\traised against the Canadians.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n Before boarding their ships, the Canadians were officially demobilized. They filled out forms, and underwent medical and dental examinations to determine their eligibility for a disability pension. Most of the Corps returned home in spring of 1919, with\r\n\tthe last soldiers returning by August 1919. Once in Canada the men ended their military careers at the dispersal station, where they received their final cheques, war badge, and a discharge certificate before proceeding home.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n Awaiting the returning soldiers were both Government and public support systems. In 1918, the Canadian Government created the Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-establishment to provide healthcare and pensions for the returning veterans. The goal of the\r\n\tDepartment was to help soldiers successfully reintegrate into Canadian society and become self-sufficient. Injuries sustained by many men prohibited them from returning to work. Unfortunately, many men were denied their deserved pensions and benefits\r\n\tdue to unclear administrative policies and lack of education about mental health and chronic illness on the part of the Department.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":9,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["c5076fca-a829-4fdf-a965-f8d2365b4f08","245f5d65-af71-4803-8491-089c6cb6edaa"]}},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":10,"background":"transparent","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["3ce23464-61be-4bb1-9ea4-39af74135cc5","f1efa3d3-2266-482a-8bb4-0640f4fb25cb","6ccbc814-19bc-4c80-a836-f6b1ecb4f5f0","40a1445a-5292-4de8-b450-c10ccd38ad63"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":15,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":" La Great War Veterans Association (GWVA) \u00e9tait la plus grande des 15 associations d\u2019anciens combattants qui existaient \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque. Toute personne ayant servi pouvait en devenir membre. Le principal but de cette association fond\u00e9e en 1917 \u00e9tait d\u2019entretenir les liens cr\u00e9\u00e9s par les militaires durant la guerre, d\u2019en perp\u00e9tuer le souvenir et d\u2019apporter de l\u2019aide aux anciens combattants qui en auraient besoin. Apr\u00e8s la guerre, la GWVA a milit\u00e9 en faveur d\u2019une plus grande indemnisation pour les soldats de retour au pays.<\/p> Au milieu des ann\u00e9es 1920, la GWVA a d\u00fb composer avec une baisse de son nombre de membres, entra\u00een\u00e9e par la pr\u00e9sence de nombreux autres groupes rivaux. Le feld-mar\u00e9chal Earl Haig, en visite au Canada en 1925, a encourag\u00e9 les anciens combattants canadiens \u00e0 se rassembler en un seul groupe. Cette recommandation est \u00e0 l\u2019origine de la cr\u00e9ation de la L\u00e9gion canadienne, qui a connu une croissance stable tout au long de l\u2019entre-deux-guerres et apr\u00e8s la Seconde Guerre mondiale. En 1960, l\u2019association s\u2019est vu octroyer l\u2019appellation royale et est devenue la \u00ab L\u00e9gion royale canadienne \u00bb.<\/p>","en.content":" Of the 15 veterans associations in Canada, the Great War Veterans Association (GWVA) was the largest. Any person who had seen active service was eligible for membership. Founded in 1917, the Association's main goal was to perpetuate the ties formed by\r\n\tservicemen during the war, ensure their remembrance, and provided aid to needy veterans. After the war, the Association argued for more compensation for returned veterans.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n\tIn the mid-1920s the GWVA faced declining membership due to many other rival groups. Field Marshal Earl Haig, in a visit to Canada in 1925, encouraged Canadian veterans to amalgamate into one group. This recommendation resulted in the creation of the\r\n\tCanadian Legion, which grew steadily throughout the interwar period and after the Second World War. In 1960 the organization was granted Royal designation and became the Royal Canadian Legion.<\/p>"},"media":[]}],"translations":{"en":{"title":"Demobilizing and Recivilizing","slug":"demobilizing-recivilizing","heading":"Life after war","quote":"\u201cI have been thinking hard lately what I will do when I get back and wonder if I will be able to get work soon after I arrive ... I cannot really believe that we are all going home. It seems as if I have done nothing else but soldier all my life.\u201d","quote_source":"Gordon Alexander DeGear, Canadian Field Artillery, letter to his mother, 18 November 1918","sources":" Masumi Mitsui was born in Tokyo on 7 October 1887. His father was a naval officer who encouraged Masumi to join the Japanese military. However, he failed the entrance examination, and later made the decision to move to Canada. In 1908 he travelled from\r\n\tFukuoka-Ken, Japan to Vancouver. Once there, he achieved fluency in English, allowing him to secure employment as a waiter at the Union Club in Victoria.<\/p> When the First World War broke out in 1914, Sergeant Mitsui wanted to enlist in the Canadian military to demonstrate his patriotism to Canada. After being rejected for service in Vancouver based on discriminatory recruitment practices in 1915, Mitsui\r\n\tsucceeded in enlisting as a private in Calgary, Alberta, on 1 September 1916. He initially joined the 192nd Battalion, transferred to the 9th Reserve Battalion upon arrival in England on 11 November 1916, and finally ended up with Calgary's 10th Battalion\r\n\tat the front in France.<\/p>\r\n Private Mitsui\u2019s first major taste of action took place during the Arras offensive in April 1917. Mitsui came through the successful seizure of Vimy Ridge unscathed, but was slightly wounded two weeks later during operations nearby. An enemy bullet struck\r\n\tone of his fingers and he spent nine days in hospital recovering. In a letter home, he wrote that he just felt fortunate not to have been more badly injured.<\/p>\r\n In August 1917, the 10th Battalion assaulted the crest of Hill 70, just north of Vimy. The battle was one of the toughest and costliest of the war for the Canadian Corps. The 35-man platoon in which Private Mitsui served was decimated: only Mitsui and\r\n\tfour others survived. For his leadership and bravery at Hill 70 Mitsui was awarded the Military Medal. In December, Mitsui was promoted to lance corporal; after proving a competent and popular non-commissioned officer, he would continue to be promoted,\r\n\treaching the rank of sergeant in February 1919.<\/p>\r\n After the war ended in November 1918, Corporal Mitsui served in Cologne, Germany as part of the Allied occupation force. In early 1919, Mitsui wrote of feeling \u201cvery depressed\u201d because of the casualties that his unit had suffered. In particular, the death\r\n\tof his good friend and fellow Canadian of Japanese origin, Kumakichi Oura, in October 1918, impacted him deeply.<\/p>\r\n Sergeant Mitsui was discharged in Calgary on 23 April 1919. He moved to the Vancouver area, where he started a poultry farm. There he met Sugiko; they were married on 2 August 1919. The couple had four children: Harry, George, Lucy, and Amy. He became\r\n\tthe president of the all-Japanese Canadian Legion Branch No. 9 in 1931, where he used his position to lobby for Japanese-Canadians\u2019 rights. The next year, the efforts of the Japanese-Canadian lobby paid off, and Japanese-Canadian veterans were granted\r\n\tthe right to vote.<\/p>","fr.content":" Masumi Mitsui est n\u00e9 \u00e0 Tokyo le 7 octobre 1887. Son p\u00e8re, un officier de la marine, l\u2019a encourag\u00e9 \u00e0 se joindre \u00e0 l\u2019arm\u00e9e japonaise. Toutefois, le jeune homme a \u00e9chou\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019examen d\u2019entr\u00e9e et a par la suite d\u00e9cid\u00e9 d\u2019immigrer au Canada. En 1908, il est parti\r\n\tde Fukuoka-Ken, au Japon, pour aboutir \u00e0 Vancouver. Arriv\u00e9 l\u00e0, il a appris \u00e0 parler couramment l\u2019anglais, ce qui lui a permis d\u2019obtenir un emploi comme serveur \u00e0 l\u2019Union Club de Victoria.<\/p> Lorsque la Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale a \u00e9clat\u00e9 en 1914, le sergent Mitsui voulait s\u2019enr\u00f4ler dans l\u2019arm\u00e9e canadienne pour t\u00e9moigner de son patriotisme envers le Canada. Apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 rejet\u00e9 du service militaire \u00e0 Vancouver en raison des pratiques de recrutement\r\n\tdiscriminatoires en 1915, Masumi Mitsui a r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 s\u2019inscrire comme simple soldat \u00e0 Calgary (Alberta) le 1er<\/sup> septembre 1916. Il s\u2019est d\u2019abord joint au 192e<\/sup> bataillon, mais il a \u00e9t\u00e9 mut\u00e9 au 9e<\/sup> bataillon de r\u00e9serve \u00e0 son\r\n\tarriv\u00e9e en Angleterre, le 11 novembre 1916, et a finalement \u00e9t\u00e9 sur le front fran\u00e7ais avec le 10e<\/sup> bataillon de Calgary. <\/p>\r\n C\u2019est au cours de l\u2019offensive d\u2019Arras, en avril 1917, que le soldat Mitsui a connu sa premi\u00e8re grande exp\u00e9rience du feu. Il est sorti indemne de la prise r\u00e9ussie de la cr\u00eate de Vimy, mais a \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u00e9g\u00e8rement bless\u00e9 deux semaines plus tard au cours des op\u00e9rations\r\n\tqui ont eu lieu dans les environs. Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 touch\u00e9 \u00e0 un doigt par une balle ennemie et a pass\u00e9 neuf jours \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4pital pour se r\u00e9tablir. Dans une lettre adress\u00e9e chez lui, il \u00e9crivait qu\u2019il se sentait tout \u00e0 fait chanceux de ne pas avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 plus gravement\r\n\tbless\u00e9.\r\n<\/p>\r\n En ao\u00fbt 1917, le 10e<\/sup> bataillon est mont\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019assaut de la cr\u00eate de la c\u00f4te 70 juste au nord de Vimy. La bataille a \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u2019une des plus \u00e2pres et des plus co\u00fbteuses de la guerre pour le Corps canadien. Le peloton de 35 hommes dans lequel servait\r\n\tle soldat Mitsui a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9cim\u00e9 : seuls Masumi Mitsui et quatre autres ont surv\u00e9cu. Pour son leadership et sa bravoure \u00e0 la c\u00f4te 70, Masumi Mitsui a re\u00e7u la M\u00e9daille militaire. En d\u00e9cembre, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 promu au grade de caporal suppl\u00e9ant; apr\u00e8s avoir prouv\u00e9\r\n\tqu\u2019il \u00e9tait un sous-officier responsable et comp\u00e9tent, il allait continuer de recevoir des promotions, atteignant le grade de sergent en f\u00e9vrier 1919.<\/p>\r\n \u00c0 la fin de la guerre, en novembre 1918, le caporal Mitsui a servi \u00e0 Cologne, en Allemagne, dans la force d\u2019occupation alli\u00e9e. Au d\u00e9but de 1919, il \u00e9crivait se sentir \u00ab tr\u00e8s d\u00e9prim\u00e9 \u00bb en raison des pertes subies par son unit\u00e9. Plus particuli\u00e8rement, le\r\n\td\u00e9c\u00e8s de son excellent ami et camarade canadien d\u2019origine japonaise, Kumakichi Oura, en octobre 1918, l\u2019a profond\u00e9ment marqu\u00e9.<\/p>\r\n Le sergent Mitsui a \u00e9t\u00e9 lib\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00e0 Calgary le 23 avril 1919. Il a par la suite d\u00e9m\u00e9nag\u00e9 dans la r\u00e9gion de Vancouver, o\u00f9 il a lanc\u00e9 une ferme avicole. C\u2019est l\u00e0 qu\u2019il a fait la rencontre de Sugiko, qu'il a mari\u00e9e le 2 ao\u00fbt 1919. Le couple a eu quatre enfants,\r\n\tHarry, George, Lucy et Amy. Masumi Mitsui est devenu en 1931 pr\u00e9sident de la filiale no<\/sup> 9 de la L\u00e9gion, compos\u00e9e enti\u00e8rement de Canadiens d\u2019origine japonaise. Il a utilis\u00e9 son poste pour faire pression en faveur des droits des Canadiens d\u2019origine\r\n\tjaponaise. L\u2019ann\u00e9e suivante, les efforts du lobby des Canadiens d\u2019origine japonaise ont port\u00e9 fruit et les anciens combattants canadiens de leur communaut\u00e9 ont obtenu le droit de vote.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":3,"background":"transparent","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["729a9fd4-a9d0-4673-8a28-7f437337c397","764ce6d4-002c-444f-ae07-e30f11c78f75","908c6ad1-1cb2-4d91-9997-609926a41e3a"]}},{"template":"artifact-feature","classes":"","position":4,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifact":["8f7a225f-4dd5-4366-b60e-31bd1c5a5291"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":5,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":" \u00c0 la suite de l\u2019attaque men\u00e9e par les Japonais en d\u00e9cembre 1941 sur la base navale des \u00c9tats-Unis \u00e0 Pearl Harbor, ainsi que des assauts contre les colonies britanniques de l\u2019Extr\u00eame-Orient, le Canada a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la guerre au Japon le 8 d\u00e9cembre 1941. <\/p>\r\n Au d\u00e9but de 1942, 22 000 Canadiens d\u2019origine japonaise ont \u00e9t\u00e9 consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme \u00e9trangers ennemis et forc\u00e9s de s\u2019inscrire aupr\u00e8s de la Gendarmerie royale du Canada. Le gouvernement du Canada leur avait confisqu\u00e9 leurs possessions et propri\u00e9t\u00e9s (y compris\r\n\t\u00e0 ceux qui avaient la citoyennet\u00e9 canadienne) et avait organis\u00e9 leur \u00e9vacuation forc\u00e9e de la c\u00f4te ouest vers des camps d\u2019internement. Le gouvernement agissait ainsi en r\u00e9ponse aux soup\u00e7ons des citoyens de Colombie-Britannique concernant la loyaut\u00e9 des\r\n\tCanadiens d\u2019origine japonaise et \u00e0 leur crainte de leur r\u00f4le \u00e9ventuel comme espions et saboteurs. Lorsqu'il s\u2019est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 au bureau de la Commission de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de la Colombie-Britannique pour \u00eatre intern\u00e9, le sergent Mitsui a jet\u00e9 par terre, en signe\r\n\tde protestation, les m\u00e9dailles qu\u2019il avait obtenues pendant la Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale. \u00ab Qu\u2019est-ce qu\u2019elles valent? \u00bb, a-t-il lanc\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019officier. L\u2019une de ses filles, dit-on, se serait pr\u00e9cipit\u00e9e apr\u00e8s lui pour reprendre les m\u00e9dailles.<\/p>\r\n Le sergent Mitsui, son \u00e9pouse Sugiko et leur fils Harry ont pass\u00e9 la plus grande partie de la guerre dans le camp d\u2019internement de Greenwood en Colombie-Britannique. Comme la majorit\u00e9 des Canadiens d\u2019origine japonaise, ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 lib\u00e9r\u00e9s en 1944. Les\r\n\tfilles de Masumi Mitsui, Lucy et Amy, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 envoy\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole en Alberta. Le fils a\u00een\u00e9 du sergent Mitsui, George, a d\u00e9m\u00e9nag\u00e9 en Ontario et a travaill\u00e9 comme ouvrier agricole.<\/p>","en.content":" As a result of the Japanese attack on the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor as well as attacks against British colonies in the Far East, Canada declared war on Japan on 8 December 1941.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tEarly in 1942, 22,000 Canadians of Japanese ancestry were deemed enemy aliens and obliged to register with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. The Canadian Government stripped Japanese-Canadians (including Canadian citizens) of their possessions and property\r\n\tand organized their forcible evacuation from the west coast into internment camps. The Government acted in response to British Columbians\u2019 suspicions of the Japanese-Canadians\u2019 loyalty and fears of their possible roles as spies and saboteurs. When Sergeant\r\n\tMitsui reported to the British Columbia Security Commission office to be interned, he threw his First World War medals to the ground in protest. \u201cWhat good are these?,\u201d he asked the officer. One of his daughters reportedly ran after him to pick the medals\r\n\tup.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tSergeant Mitsui, his wife Sugiko, and their son Harry, spent most of the war in Greenwood internment camp in British Columbia. Like most Japanese Canadians, they were released by 1944. The Mitsui daughters, Lucy and Amy, were sent to school in Alberta.\r\n\tSergeant Mitsui\u2019s eldest son, George, moved to Ontario and worked as a farm hand.\u00a0<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":6,"background":"transparent","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["aa59aa90-a0f2-4aaf-a396-c467d760b802","f2d3eb86-45c6-4708-b404-ed365924f77b","32ec460c-d963-4700-afc6-bbf624d5008c","484501bd-f141-4bec-abc6-c3477c1b7b07","9c6b6cf2-7d84-4adc-bd46-9c35a7f8dd3b","7a15befa-b4e1-47a5-9048-d523e8b1899a","0ae3528a-03bb-4b17-8467-326ab451c5b7"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":7,"background":"transparent","meta":{"en.content":" \r\n\r\n\tAfter the war, the Mitsuis left British Columbia, moving first to St. Catharines, and then to Hamilton, Ontario. Throughout the remainder of his long life, Sergeant Mitsui marked his service privately: every year on Remembrance Day he would wear his uniform\r\n\tand medals to honour his fellow veterans. However, he never attended official ceremonies. Then, in 1983, the City of Hamilton asked him to be a special guest at the municipal ceremony. Two years later, he was the honoured guest at the rededication of\r\n\tthe Japanese-Canadian War Memorial in Vancouver\u2019s Stanley Park, whose eternal flame was finally relit after it had been extinguished in 1942 when Japanese-Canadians were interned.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tMasumi Mitsui passed away on 27 April 1987, five months shy of his 100th birthday. According to his last request, his medals were given to his grandson, David Mitsui, who works to preserve his grandfather\u2019s memory, and legacy of service of all Japanese-Canadian\r\n\tveterans.\r\n<\/p>","fr.content":" Apr\u00e8s la guerre, les Mitsui ont quitt\u00e9 la Colombie-Britannique, d\u00e9m\u00e9nageant \u00e0 St. Catharines, puis \u00e0 Hamilton, en Ontario. Pendant le reste de sa longue vie, le sergent Mitsui a soulign\u00e9 ses ann\u00e9es de service en priv\u00e9 : chaque ann\u00e9e, le jour du Souvenir,\r\n\til portait son uniforme et ses m\u00e9dailles en l\u2019honneur de ses camarades anciens combattants. Toutefois, il n\u2019a jamais assist\u00e9 aux c\u00e9r\u00e9monies officielles. En 1983, la Ville de Hamilton lui a demand\u00e9 d\u2019\u00eatre l\u2019invit\u00e9 sp\u00e9cial de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie municipale. Deux\r\n\tans apr\u00e8s, il \u00e9tait l\u2019invit\u00e9 d\u2019honneur \u00e0 la r\u00e9inauguration du monument comm\u00e9moratif de guerre canado-japonais dans le parc Stanley de Vancouver, dont la flamme \u00e9ternelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 enfin rallum\u00e9e, apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9teinte en 1942 lorsque les Canadiens d\u2019origine\r\n\tjaponaise ont \u00e9t\u00e9 intern\u00e9s.<\/p>\r\n Masumi Mitsui est d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 le 27 avril 1987, cinq mois \u00e0 peine avant son 100e<\/sup> anniversaire. Conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 ses derni\u00e8res volont\u00e9s, ses m\u00e9dailles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 donn\u00e9es \u00e0 son petit-fils, David Mitsui, qui \u0153uvre \u00e0 pr\u00e9server la m\u00e9moire de son grand-p\u00e8re\r\n\tet le service de tous les anciens combattants canadiens d\u2019origine japonaise.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-feature","classes":"","position":8,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifact":["503c798b-8657-4bf4-92de-82b0b26e25ee"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":9,"background":"transparent","meta":{"en.content":" Thank you to the family of Masumi Mitsui for allowing us to share his story.<\/i><\/b><\/p>","fr.content":" Nous remercions la famille de Masumi Mitsui,\r\nqui nous a permis de raconter son histoire.<\/i><\/b><\/p>"},"media":[]}],"translations":{"en":{"title":"Masumi Mitsui","slug":"mitsui","heading":"Decorated and Interned","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":" La Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale a \u00e9t\u00e9 une \u00e9poque difficile pour le Canada. Sur une population d\u2019\u00e0 peine 8 millions, plus de 60 000 Canadiens ont perdu la vie en service actif et 50 000 autres sont morts ici, au pays, emport\u00e9s par une catastrophique pand\u00e9mie\r\n\tde grippe. En plus des bouleversements sociaux et familiaux, la guerre a impos\u00e9 d\u2019am\u00e8res querelles politiques et d\u2019\u00e2pres discordes linguistiques. La guerre avait co\u00fbt\u00e9 cher et, dans la p\u00e9riode qui a suivi, les pensions gouvernementales d\u2019invalidit\u00e9 des\r\n\tanciens combattants et les programmes de r\u00e9installation civile ont entra\u00een\u00e9 des co\u00fbts suppl\u00e9mentaires. La fermeture d\u2019usines de guerre a provoqu\u00e9 une rar\u00e9faction des emplois et des centaines de milliers d\u2019hommes sont retourn\u00e9s sur le march\u00e9 du travail.\r\n\t\u00c0 l\u2019\u00e9poque, il n\u2019y avait pas l\u2019\u00c9tat-providence et de nombreux Canadiens ont d\u00fb lutter pour s\u2019adapter aux difficiles conditions de l\u2019apr\u00e8s-guerre. Les profondes divisions constat\u00e9es lors de la gr\u00e8ve g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de Winnipeg en 1919 \u00e9taient un sympt\u00f4me de\r\n\tcette situation d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9e.<\/p>\r\n Les lib\u00e9raux, dirig\u00e9s par William Lyon Mackenzie King, ont pris le pouvoir en d\u00e9cembre 1921, promettant le renouveau \u00e9conomique et la restauration de la coh\u00e9sion sociale. Cependant, l\u2019ali\u00e9nation de l\u2019Ouest canadien avait donn\u00e9 naissance au Parti progressiste,\r\n\tqui d\u00e9tenait la balance du pouvoir aux Communes. C\u2019\u00e9tait le d\u00e9but d\u2019un syst\u00e8me tripartite dans un paysage politique fractur\u00e9. Dans les Maritimes, les fermetures de mines g\u00e9n\u00e9raient des conflits de travail et de l\u2019agitation politique.<\/p>\r\n En octobre 1929, la bourse de New York s\u2019est \u00e9croul\u00e9e, entra\u00eenant des faillites d\u2019entreprises et un ch\u00f4mage g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9 dans toute l\u2019Am\u00e9rique du Nord. C\u2019\u00e9tait le d\u00e9but de la Grande D\u00e9pression. Le Canada a \u00e9t\u00e9 frapp\u00e9 tr\u00e8s durement et, en 1930, les \u00e9lecteurs\r\n\tont rejet\u00e9 King en faveur des conservateurs de R.B. Bennett. L\u2019\u00e9conomie a toutefois poursuivi sa chute en spirale. \u00c0 l\u2019hiver 1933, au plus creux de la crise, le taux national de ch\u00f4mage a atteint un plafond ahurissant de 32 %, encore plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 dans\r\n\tcertains centres urbains, et des milliers de Canadiens ont sombr\u00e9 dans la pauvret\u00e9. Le Canada comptait sur les exportations de mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res pour son bien-\u00eatre \u00e9conomique, mais, en raison des tarifs protectionnistes \u00e9trangers (particuli\u00e8rement ceux\r\n\tdes \u00c9tats-Unis) sur les importations, il peinait \u00e0 rester concurrentiel. Dans l\u2019Ouest, une s\u00e9cheresse longue et d\u00e9sastreuse a provoqu\u00e9 partout de mauvaises r\u00e9coltes, et des milliers de familles agricoles ont perdu leur r\u00e9sidence et leur gagne-pain. Ce\r\n\tn\u2019est qu\u2019\u00e0 la fin de la d\u00e9cennie que la situation a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 se redresser, mais, m\u00eame en 1939, le pays \u00e9tait afflig\u00e9 par un taux de ch\u00f4mage dans les deux chiffres.<\/p>","en.content":" \r\n\tThe First World War had been a trying time for Canada. In a population of barely eight million, more than 60,000 Canadians had perished while on active service and some 50,000 others had died at home from the disastrous 1918-1919 influenza pandemic. In\r\n\taddition to the resulting difficult social and familial dislocation, the war also had imposed bitter political strife and linguistic discord. It had been expensive and in its aftermath, Government veterans\u2019 disability pensions and civil re-establishment\r\n\tprograms would mean additional costs. Jobs became scarcer with the closing of war industries and hundreds of thousands of men returning to the workforce. There was no welfare state at this time and many Canadians struggled to adapt to difficult postwar\r\n\tconditions. The deeply divisive Winnipeg General Strike in 1919 was symptomatic of this desperate situation.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tThe Liberals, led by William Lyon Mackenzie King, took office in December 1921 on promises of economic renewal and the restoration of social cohesion. But western Canadian alienation had produced the Progressive Party, which held the balance of power\r\n\tin the House of Commons. It was the beginning of a three-party system and a fractured political landscape. In the Maritime Provinces, mine closures led to labour conflict and political unrest.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tIn October 1929, the New York stock market collapsed leading to corporate failures and widespread unemployment throughout North America; it was the beginning of the Great Depression. Canada was hit especially hard and in 1930 voters rejected King in favour\r\n\tof R.B. Bennett\u2019s Conservatives. But the economy continued to spiral downward. By the winter of 1933, the worst period of the crisis, the national unemployment rate hit a staggering 32%, worse in some urban centres, and thousands of Canadians were impoverished.\r\n\tCanada relied on the exports of primary goods for its economic well-being but international (especially American) protective tariffs on imports made it difficult for Canada to be competitive. A lengthy and devastating drought in the west resulted in\r\n\tmassive crop failures and thousands of farm families losing their homes and livelihood. It was not until the end of the decade that conditions improved, but even in 1939, the country suffered under a double-digit unemployment rate.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":2,"background":"transparent","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["d58f48f7-78b8-419f-8c76-d0a074235f9c","2a307101-eb95-457f-a2e0-6f4c0a8c022a","bc0af138-17da-4c18-8be1-cbda164ae72a","a0147fbf-2fca-4635-b4a7-3ca387564e8d"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":3,"background":"transparent","meta":{"en.content":" \r\n\tDespite the economic depression, progress was made in other areas. Although Canada had been a colony in 1914, the impact of the war and Canadian troops\u2019 battlefield successes stimulated a desire among many Canadians for greater national autonomy and international\r\n\trecognition. In 1919, Canada signed the Treaty of Versailles, which formally ended the war with Germany, and joined the newly-created League of Nations as a member state in its own right. At the 1923 and 1926 Imperial Conferences, Prime Minister King\r\n\thad forcefully insisted that the Dominions gain independence of action on the international stage and not be bound automatically to British decisions or policies, especially on the issue of participating in a war. The First World War had nearly broken\r\n\tthe country and Canada needed to make its own decisions. In the late 1920s, Canada opened legations and embassies in Washington, Paris, and Tokyo. In 1931 the British Parliament passed the Statute of Westminster which granted all of the self-governing\r\n\tDominions equality of status with Britain in international affairs. Canada was no longer a colony. Still, Canada remained a member of the British Commonwealth and British foreign policy continued to influence Ottawa.<\/p>","fr.content":" \r\n\tMalgr\u00e9 la d\u00e9pression \u00e9conomique, des progr\u00e8s ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9s dans divers domaines. M\u00eame si le Canada \u00e9tait une colonie en 1914, les cons\u00e9quences de la guerre et les succ\u00e8s au combat des soldats canadiens ont stimul\u00e9 chez nombre de citoyens le d\u00e9sir d\u2019une\r\n\tplus grande autonomie nationale et d\u2019une reconnaissance \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle internationale. En 1919, le Canada a sign\u00e9 le Trait\u00e9 de Versailles, mettant officiellement fin \u00e0 la guerre contre l\u2019Allemagne et s\u2019est joint \u00e0 la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Nations, nouvellement cr\u00e9\u00e9e,\r\n\ten tant qu\u2019\u00c9tat membre de plein droit. Aux conf\u00e9rences imp\u00e9riales de 1923 et de 1926, le premier ministre Mackenzie King avait vivement insist\u00e9 pour que les dominions obtiennent l\u2019autonomie d\u2019action sur la sc\u00e8ne internationale et ne soient pas automatiquement\r\n\tli\u00e9s aux d\u00e9cisions ou politiques britanniques, particuli\u00e8rement sur la question de la participation \u00e0 une guerre. La Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale a presque provoqu\u00e9 la chute du pays et le Canada se devait de prendre ses propres d\u00e9cisions. \u00c0 la fin des ann\u00e9es\r\n\t1920, le Canada a ouvert des d\u00e9l\u00e9gations et ambassades \u00e0 Washington, \u00e0 Paris et \u00e0 Tokyo. En 1931, le Parlement britannique adoptait le Statut de Westminster, accordant \u00e0 tous les dominions autonomes une \u00e9galit\u00e9 de statut avec la Grande-Bretagne dans\r\n\tles affaires internationales. Le Canada n\u2019\u00e9tait plus une colonie. Le pays est n\u00e9anmoins demeur\u00e9 membre du Commonwealth britannique et Ottawa a continu\u00e9 de subir l\u2019influence de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re britannique.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":4,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["601fd1d8-90a7-4dc1-810c-6c808050e2dd","42111345-bf3b-418d-8baf-75edf1cc3563"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":5,"background":"transparent","meta":{"en.content":" \r\n\r\n\tMany people hoped that the First World War had been the \u2018war to end all wars\u2019. This view, combined with economic troubles and budgetary restraints, led Canada to almost completely demobilize in 1919 and reduce its forces to fewer than 5,000 full-time\r\n\tmilitary personnel. For a time, the Royal Canadian Navy consisted of only two ocean-going ships while the Royal Canadian Air Force, created in 1924, performed mainly civilian duties such as aerial mapping and forestry protection. There was little pay\r\n\tand even less equipment for part-time military reservists. During the Great Depression, Canadians worried more about their jobs and families than the state of the armed forces. Without obvious enemies, why spend scarce resources on the military?\r\n<\/p>\r\n But by the mid-1930s, Canada began to modernize and re-equip the armed forces. The defence of Canada\u2019s sea coasts and its own territory was the top priority; the Government allowed that Canadian forces might be available to assist Britain in the event\r\n\tof a major war, but nothing was promised in advance. When Prime Minister King returned to office in October 1935, he pursued a cautious policy of rearmament which favoured naval and air forces. In the event of a future war, he wanted to ensure national\r\n\tunity by avoiding conscription. A large army might entail heavy losses, leading to the need for conscription, and he discouraged the idea of a large expeditionary force.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tAdolf Hitler and the Nazi Party came to power in Germany in 1933 and quickly established a ruthless dictatorship. Germany seized Austria in 1938, and occupied Czechoslovakia in 1938-39. Italy, another dictatorship, attacked Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in 1935\r\n\tand occupied Albania in 1939. After invading Manchuria in 1931, Japan attacked China in 1937. Britain and France appeased these brutal regimes in an effort to avoid another devastating world war \u2013 a policy supported by most Canadians. But by 1937 the\r\n\tCanadian Government had more or less accepted that if Britain went to war, so would Canada. King made this clear in the House of Commons in March 1939.\r\n<\/p>\r\n \r\n\tThe Nazis\u2019 military aggression led directly to the Second World War. In August 1939, Germany insisted on territorial concessions from Poland. Finally abandoning \u2018appeasement\u2019, Britain and France earlier had pledged to assist the Poles and stop Hitler.\r\n\tOn 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland and, two days later, Britain and France declared war on Germany. The Second World War had begun.<\/p>","fr.content":" De nombreuses personnes esp\u00e9raient que la Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale serait \u00ab la der des der \u00bb, apr\u00e8s laquelle il n\u2019y aurait plus de guerre. Cet espoir, avec pour toile de fond des troubles \u00e9conomiques et des restrictions budg\u00e9taires, a incit\u00e9 le Canada\r\n\t\u00e0 se d\u00e9mobiliser presque enti\u00e8rement en 1919 et \u00e0 r\u00e9duire ses forces \u00e0 moins de 5 000 militaires \u00e0 temps plein. Pendant un certain temps, la Marine royale du Canada ne compta que deux navires oc\u00e9aniques, tandis que l\u2019Aviation royale du Canada, cr\u00e9\u00e9e\r\n\ten 1924, s\u2019acquittait de t\u00e2ches surtout civiles telles que la cartographie a\u00e9rienne et la protection des for\u00eats. On ne disposait gu\u00e8re d\u2019argent, et encore moins d\u2019\u00e9quipement, pour les r\u00e9servistes \u00e0 temps partiel. Durant la Grande D\u00e9pression (ou la Crise\r\n\tde 1929), les Canadiens s\u2019inqui\u00e9taient davantage de leurs emplois et de leurs familles que de l\u2019\u00e9tat des forces arm\u00e9es. Sans ennemis \u00e9vidents, pourquoi r\u00e9server aux militaires des ressources trop rares?<\/p>\r\n Cependant, au milieu des ann\u00e9es 1930, le gouvernement a lentement commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 moderniser et \u00e0 r\u00e9\u00e9quiper les forces arm\u00e9es. La d\u00e9fense des c\u00f4tes et du territoire appartenant au Canada \u00e9tait sa priorit\u00e9, mais il a permis que les forces canadiennes soient\r\n\t\u00e0 la disposition de la Grande-Bretagne pour l\u2019aider dans l\u2019\u00e9ventualit\u00e9 d\u2019une guerre majeure. Rien n\u2019avait pourtant \u00e9t\u00e9 promis. Quand le premier ministre King a \u00e9t\u00e9 reconduit au pouvoir en octobre 1935, il s\u2019est activ\u00e9 \u00e0 la mise en \u0153uvre d\u2019une politique\r\n\tde r\u00e9armement prudente, qui favorisait les forces navales et a\u00e9riennes. Si une guerre devait \u00e9clater, il voulait s\u2019assurer de l\u2019unit\u00e9 nationale en \u00e9vitant la conscription. Une grosse arm\u00e9e pourrait subir de lourdes pertes, imposant le recours \u00e0 la conscription,\r\n\tet il s\u2019opposait \u00e0 l\u2019id\u00e9e d\u2019un immense corps exp\u00e9ditionnaire.<\/p>\r\n Adolf Hitler et le Parti nazi ont acc\u00e9d\u00e9 au pouvoir en Allemagne en 1933, et ils n\u2019ont pas tard\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00e9tablir une dictature sans merci. L\u2019Allemagne s\u2019est empar\u00e9e de l\u2019Autriche en 1938 et a occup\u00e9 la Tch\u00e9coslovaquie en 1938-1939. L\u2019Italie, une autre dictature,\r\n\ta attaqu\u00e9 l\u2019Abyssinie (l\u2019\u00c9thiopie) en 1935, puis occup\u00e9 l\u2019Albanie en 1939. Apr\u00e8s avoir envahi la Mandchourie en 1931, le Japon a attaqu\u00e9 la Chine en 1937. La Grande-Bretagne et la France ont apais\u00e9 ces r\u00e9gimes cruels dans l\u2019espoir d\u2019\u00e9viter une autre\r\n\tguerre mondiale d\u00e9vastatrice \u2013 une politique qu\u2019approuvaient la plupart des Canadiens. En 1937, le gouvernement canadien avait plus ou moins accept\u00e9 que si la Grande-Bretagne entrait en guerre, le Canada le ferait aussi. King avait \u00e9t\u00e9 clair dans ses\r\n\td\u00e9clarations \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard \u00e0 la Chambre des communes, en mars 1939.<\/p>\r\n L\u2019agression militaire nazie a directement men\u00e9 \u00e0 la Seconde Guerre mondiale. En ao\u00fbt 1939, l\u2019Allemagne a insist\u00e9 pour que la Pologne lui c\u00e8de des territoires. Abandonnant finalement leur politique d\u2019\u00ab apaisement \u00bb, la Grande-Bretagne et la France ont\r\n\td\u00e9cid\u00e9 d\u2019aider les Polonais et d\u2019arr\u00eater Hitler. Le 1er<\/sup> septembre 1939, l\u2019Allemagne envahissait la Pologne et, deux jours plus tard, la Grande-Bretagne et la France d\u00e9claraient la guerre \u00e0 l\u2019Allemagne. La Seconde Guerre mondiale venait de\r\n\tcommencer.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-feature","classes":"","position":9,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifact":["7efe394e-a5b4-40e1-99d8-7fe5e6b4d612"]}}],"translations":{"en":{"title":"Canada Between Two Wars","slug":"canada-between-two-wars","heading":"1918-1939","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":" La victoire alli\u00e9e en 1945 a \u00e9t\u00e9 remport\u00e9e au prix de plusieurs assauts co\u00fbteux sur l'Allemagne. Tandis que, \u00e0 l\u2019ouest, les forces am\u00e9ricaines, britanniques, canadiennes et fran\u00e7aises achevaient la lib\u00e9ration des pays occup\u00e9s et p\u00e9n\u00e9traient profond\u00e9ment\r\n\ten Allemagne, les Sovi\u00e9tiques, venus de l\u2019est, \u00e9crasaient les ultimes d\u00e9fenses allemandes et assi\u00e9geaient Berlin dans la foul\u00e9e d'une attaque f\u00e9roce qui s'est sold\u00e9e par des centaines de milliers de victimes. Depuis les airs, les bombardiers am\u00e9ricains,\r\n\tbritanniques et canadiens ont poursuivi leur pilonnage des villes allemandes jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9puisement de leur liste de cibles.<\/p>\r\n Deux corps compl\u00e9taient alors la Premi\u00e8re arm\u00e9e canadienne, combattant c\u00f4te \u00e0 c\u00f4te pour la premi\u00e8re fois depuis le d\u00e9but de la guerre. La mission principale des Canadiens \u00e9tait la lib\u00e9ration des Pays-Bas, o\u00f9 la population souffrait cruellement de\r\n\tla famine. Ces derni\u00e8res semaines de combats avaient donn\u00e9 lieu \u00e0 de nombreux combats \u00e2pres. Des milliers de civils n\u00e9erlandais de grandes villes comme Rotterdam, Amsterdam et Utrecht ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sauv\u00e9s par les aliments et le carburant parachut\u00e9s par les\r\n\tavions alli\u00e9s ou apport\u00e9s par camion \u00e0 travers les lignes allemandes au cours d\u2019une tr\u00eave mise en place sur ce front, \u00e0 l\u2019ouest des Pays-Bas, le 28 avril. Les N\u00e9erlandais, reconnaissants, ont accueilli leurs lib\u00e9rateurs canadiens avec un enthousiasme\r\n\td\u00e9bordant, forgeant des liens d\u2019amiti\u00e9 et partageant des souvenirs de guerre rest\u00e9s intacts aujourd\u2019hui.<\/p>\r\n Les Canadiens ont \u00e9galement fait face \u00e0 la pire atrocit\u00e9 de la guerre : l\u2019Holocauste, l\u2019extermination syst\u00e9matique des Juifs et d\u2019autres personnes par l\u2019Allemagne nazie, \u00e0 l\u2019origine de millions de morts. Le 12 avril 1945, la 2e<\/sup> division d\u2019infanterie\r\n\tcanadienne a lib\u00e9r\u00e9 quasiment un millier de Juifs n\u00e9erlandais du Kamp Westerbork (camp de regroupement et de transit de Westerbork), abandonn\u00e9 par les Allemands. Trois jours plus tard, les troupes britanniques lib\u00e9raient Bergen-Belsen, un camp tristement\r\n\tc\u00e9l\u00e8bre o\u00f9 plus de 60 000 prisonniers d\u00e9charn\u00e9s \u00e9taient retenus. Quelques soldats canadiens sont rest\u00e9s et ont offert par la suite une aide vitale aux survivants des camps. <\/p>","en.content":" \r\n\tThe Allied victory in 1945 was the result of a series of costly final attacks on Germany. In the west, American, British, Canadian, and French forces completed the liberation of occupied countries and penetrated deep into Germany. From the east, the Soviets\r\n\tbroke through Germany\u2019s final defences and besieged Berlin in a ferocious assault that resulted in hundreds of thousands of casualties. From the air, American, British, and Canadian bombers continued to pummel German cities until the target list dwindled.<\/p>\r\n Together, the two corps made the First Canadian Army complete and they fought side-by-side for the first time since the beginning of the war.\u00a0The Canadians\u2019 were tasked mainly with the liberation of the Netherlands, whose people were devastated by\r\n\tstarvation. There was much very hard fighting in these final weeks of the war. Thousands of Dutch civilians in major cities like Rotterdam and Amsterdam or Utrecht were saved by food and fuel parachuted in by Allied aircraft or driven through German\r\n\tlines in trucks during a truce established in the western Netherlands on this front on 28 April. The grateful Dutch greeted their Canadian liberators with great enthusiasm, forging bonds of amity and shared memories of the war unbroken to the present\r\n\tday.\r\n<\/p>\r\n Canadians also came face-to-face with the war\u2019s worst atrocity: the Holocaust, Nazi Germany\u2019s systematic extermination of Jewish people and others, claiming millions of lives. On 12 April 1945, the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division freed nearly 1,000 Dutch\r\n\tJewish prisoners from Kamp Westerbork, a transit camp the Germans had abandoned. Three days later, British troops liberated Bergen-Belsen, a notorious camp complex with more than 60,000 emaciated prisoners. Some Canadian service members later assisted\r\n\tin providing vital aid to camp survivors.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":2,"background":"transparent","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["6294f291-4e63-4ce2-ab47-b613dbb604d5","e8e7b787-a224-415e-a46c-2e6dcdba3003","f84be115-bec4-4e19-acda-d0c1aca91cb0","ce5d3d4d-40ad-4bbc-bda7-dd419094f86b"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":3,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":" La guerre en Europe touchait \u00e0 sa fin. Les \u00e9v\u00e9nements se sont pr\u00e9cipit\u00e9s le 30 avril 1945, avec le suicide du dirigeant nazi Adolf Hitler, alors que les troupes sovi\u00e9tiques avan\u00e7aient vers le bunker souterrain berlinois o\u00f9 il s\u2019\u00e9tait terr\u00e9. Les n\u00e9gociations\r\n\tvisant la reddition de l\u2019Allemagne ont d\u00e9but\u00e9 quelques jours plus tard. Le 7 mai, le g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Dwight D. Eisenhower, commandant supr\u00eame des Alli\u00e9s, acceptait la capitulation sans conditions de toutes les forces allemandes dans une \u00e9cole de Reims, en France.\r\n\tLa guerre en Europe \u00e9tait finie. La capitulation a \u00e9t\u00e9 officialis\u00e9e d\u00e8s le lendemain, le 8 mai 1945, qui fut d\u00e9sign\u00e9 \u00ab jour de la Victoire en Europe \u00bb. Le monde a accueilli la nouvelle avec enthousiasme. Les combats contre le Japon n'\u00e9taient toutefois\r\n\tpas termin\u00e9s, et le co\u00fbt humain astronomique de la guerre a temp\u00e9r\u00e9 l'euphorie \u00e0 l\u2019annonce de la fin des hostilit\u00e9s en Europe.<\/p>","en.content":" The war in Europe was drawing to a close. With Soviet troops closing in on his underground bunker, Nazi leader Adolf Hitler committed suicide in Berlin on 30 April 1945. German surrender negotiations began mere days later. On 7 May, in a school in Reims,\r\n\tFrance, Supreme Allied Commander General Dwight D. Eisenhower accepted the unconditional surrender of all German forces. The war in Europe was over. The formal surrender took effect on 8 May 1945, proclaimed Victory-in-Europe Day (V-E Day). The world\r\n\treceived the news with jubilation. Still, the continuing war against Japan and the war\u2019s enormous human cost tempered elation over the conclusion of European hostilities.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":5,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["1a5a734c-b823-46eb-b58f-4bc05d53ed05"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":6,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":" Les c\u00e9l\u00e9brations de la Victoire en Europe ont commenc\u00e9 le 7 mai 1945. Une mar\u00e9e humaine a alors d\u00e9ferl\u00e9 dans les rues de diff\u00e9rentes villes des pays alli\u00e9s. Au Canada, les entreprises et les \u00e9coles se sont vid\u00e9es, et toutes les r\u00e9sidences du pays affichaient\r\n\tdes drapeaux pour souligner l\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nement. Des d\u00e9fil\u00e9s et soir\u00e9es de danse impromptues avaient lieu sur les places des villes et villages. Le gouvernement a officiellement proclam\u00e9 le 8 mai jour de la Victoire en Europe et en a fait un jour f\u00e9ri\u00e9. Les\r\n\tconseils municipaux locaux se sont empress\u00e9s d\u2019organiser des concerts, d\u00e9fil\u00e9s, services religieux de remerciements et feux d\u2019artifice. Le roi George VI a lou\u00e9 l\u2019esprit indomptable de l\u2019Empire britannique dans son message \u00e0 la radio. Le premier ministre\r\n\tdu Canada, William Lyon Mackenzie King, alors qu'il prenait la parole de San Francisco o\u00f9 il assistait \u00e0 la r\u00e9union inaugurale des Nations Unies, affirma que les Canadiens avaient \u00ab aid\u00e9 le monde \u00e0 se d\u00e9barrasser d\u2019un grand fl\u00e9au \u00bb. Des centaines de\r\n\tpersonnes en liesse ont rejoint la colline parlementaire \u00e0 Ottawa. \u00c0 Toronto, la foule dansait sous une pluie de confettis l\u00e2ch\u00e9s par des avions de l\u2019Aviation royale du Canada. <\/p>\r\n Cependant, le jour de la Victoire en Europe n'a pas seulement donn\u00e9 lieu \u00e0 des c\u00e9l\u00e9brations joyeuses : il fut aussi v\u00e9cu dans l'amertume. Nombre de ceux qui avaient perdu des \u00eatres chers ne pouvaient supporter les festivit\u00e9s publiques, \u00e9tant toujours\r\n\tendeuill\u00e9s. Ces f\u00eates ont \u00e9galement exacerb\u00e9 la frustration ressentie \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard des restrictions et rationnements op\u00e9r\u00e9s en temps de guerre. \u00c0 Halifax, centre de transport de milliers de militaires, des troubles civils et le chaos ont surgi en raison\r\n\tde tensions entre les civils et les militaires et d\u2019une planification inexistante ou insuffisante des c\u00e9l\u00e9brations. Les \u00e9meutiers, marins, soldats, aviateurs et civils, ont pill\u00e9 des magasins d\u2019alcool (ferm\u00e9s en raison du jour f\u00e9ri\u00e9 du jour de la Victoire\r\n\ten Europe) et vandalis\u00e9 des centaines d\u2019entreprises. Trois personnes ont perdu la vie et la police a effectu\u00e9 une multitude d\u2019arrestations. Les \u00e9meutes ont aussi entra\u00een\u00e9 une enqu\u00eate f\u00e9d\u00e9rale et le renvoi du commandant en chef (c\u00f4te Est) de la Marine\r\n\troyale du Canada parce qu'il avait \u00e9chou\u00e9 \u00e0 anticiper l'\u00e9tendue des frustrations r\u00e9prim\u00e9es qui ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 les \u00e9meutes.<\/p>","en.content":" Victory-in-Europe celebrations began on 7 May 1945. Crowds took to the streets in the Allied nations. In Canada, people left their businesses, schools emptied, and homes everywhere displayed flags in celebration. Impromptu parades and dance parties broke\r\n\tout in town squares and city streets. The Government officially proclaimed 8 May as V-E Day, a national holiday. Local city councils hastily organized concerts, parades, religious thanksgiving services, and fireworks displays. King George VI praised\r\n\tthe indomitable spirit of the British Empire in his radio address. Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, speaking from San Francisco where he was attending the inaugural meeting of the United Nations, told Canadians that they had \u201chelped\r\n\tto rid the world of a great scourge.\u201d Thousands of joyous celebrants descended upon Parliament Hill in Ottawa. In Toronto, people danced in a ticker tape blizzard dropped by Royal Canadian Air Force aircraft.\r\n<\/p>\r\n V-E Day was a bittersweet occasion. Many who had lost loved ones could not face the public merrymaking and marked the occasion in grief. The celebrations also ignited frustrations over wartime restrictions and rationing. In Halifax - a transportation\r\n\thub for thousands of military personnel - civil strife and chaos reigned due to strained civil-military relations and poor or non-existent celebration planning. Rioting sailors, soldiers, airmen, and civilians looted liquor stores (closed for the V-E\r\n\tDay holiday) and vandalized hundreds of businesses. Three people died and scores were arrested. The riots provoked a federal inquiry and the dismissal of the Royal Canadian Navy\u2019s chief east coast officer for a perceived failure in anticipating the frenzied\r\n\toutburst of pent-up frustration.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":7,"background":"transparent","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["9247a02b-63c5-43d1-87ba-4578879e6299","64543a09-d948-4606-af6e-3363d16e9a7b","a38353cf-f95f-4d04-80f6-9fbd634aefe8","9fa3497a-aeb6-4d0e-9e2a-d550c065b9c3","cbf88b29-eea0-4a00-aede-687421ee9e60","eacc19d4-85a2-4665-9e5b-58472f4df64b","4f9ba3de-3422-463e-960b-cc27c7097341"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":9,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":" Entre-temps, de violents combats et de lourdes pertes marquent les derniers mois de la guerre contre le Japon. Les 6 et 9 ao\u00fbt 1945, des bombes atomiques sont largu\u00e9es, d'abord sur Hiroshima, puis sur Nagasaki. La d\u00e9vastation est inconcevable. Le Japon\r\n\tcapitule le 15 ao\u00fbt 1945, proclam\u00e9 le jour de la Victoire sur le Japon par les Alli\u00e9s. La reddition officielle est sign\u00e9e le 2 septembre. Apr\u00e8s six ans de destruction et au moins 60 millions de morts, la Seconde Guerre mondiale prend fin, enfin. <\/p>\r\n Plus de 1,1 million de Canadiens et de Terre-Neuviens ont servi durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Pr\u00e8s de 45 000 d'entre eux ont perdu la vie, quelque 55 000 autres ont \u00e9t\u00e9 bless\u00e9s et environ 9 000 ont subi le sort de prisonniers de guerre. Les Canadiens\r\n\tmorts reposent dans des cimeti\u00e8res de la Commission des s\u00e9pultures de guerre du Commonwealth, outre-mer et au Canada. Le nom de plusieurs figure sur des monuments comm\u00e9moratifs. <\/p> Apr\u00e8s le jour de la Victoire en Europe, des centaines de milliers d\u2019hommes et de femmes ayant servi dans les Forces arm\u00e9es canadiennes au cours de la guerre sont retourn\u00e9s \u00e0 la vie civile. Le minist\u00e8re des Anciens Combattants a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9 en 1944 afin de\r\n\tr\u00e9int\u00e9grer des milliers de soldats dans la vie civile et aussi afin de reconna\u00eetre l\u2019importance de leur contribution dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 canadienne. La Charte des anciens combattants<\/i> pr\u00e9voyait une s\u00e9rie de programmes et de dispositions l\u00e9gislatives\r\n\tvisionnaires, des pensions de retraite, des cr\u00e9dits financiers, des concessions de terres, des programmes de formation universitaire et professionnelle et nombre d\u2019autres avantages. Elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 la r\u00e9insertion sociale et \u00e0 la r\u00e9installation des\r\n\tanciens combattants. Imm\u00e9diatement apr\u00e8s la guerre, il y eut une p\u00e9riode de forte natalit\u00e9 (le \u00ab baby-boom \u00bb). Dans les secteurs de la fabrication et de la construction, la demande massive pour les biens de consommation a cr\u00e9\u00e9 des milliers d\u2019emplois\r\n\tqui ont stimul\u00e9 l\u2019\u00e9conomie. Le pays est entr\u00e9 dans une p\u00e9riode de prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9 sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent. Le Canada moderne est n\u00e9 des cendres de la guerre.<\/p>","en.content":" Meanwhile, brutal fighting and heavy casualties marked the last months of the war against Japan. On 6 and 9 August 1945, atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively. The devastation was incomprehensible. Japan surrendered on 15 August\r\n\t1945, which the Allies later proclaimed Victory-over-Japan Day, or V-J Day.\u00a0 The official surrender was signed on September 2. After six years of destruction and at least 60 million deaths, the Second World War was over.<\/p> More than 1.1 million Canadians and Newfoundlanders served during the war. Nearly 45,000 died, another 55,000 were wounded and some 9,000 had suffered as prisoners of war. The dead are buried in Commonwealth War Graves cemeteries overseas and in Canada\r\n\tor are commemorated by name on memorials.<\/p> After V-E Day, hundreds of thousands of men and women who had served in the Canadian armed forces during the war returned to \u201ccivvy street.\u201d The Department of Veterans Affairs was created in 1944 to help with this mass transition to civilian life and\r\n\tto recognize the veterans\u2019 contributions to the country. The Veterans Charter, a series of far-sighted programs and legislation offering pensions, financial credits, land grants, housing loans, university and vocational training, and many other benefits\r\n\tassisted the veterans re-integrate civil society and facilitated their re-establishment. There immediately followed a period of high birth rates (the \u201cbaby boom\u201d) and a mass demand for consumer goods which created thousands of jobs in manufacturing and\r\n\tconstruction, stimulated the economy, and launched the country into an unprecedented period of prosperity. From the ashes of war arose modern Canada.<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":10,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["62a42b88-780b-4697-b7b1-80f3e5c09b23","05f48e51-5552-4999-8ab8-6cc33b3557d2"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":11,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":" Pour en savoir plus sur les exp\u00e9riences canadiennes v\u00e9cues pendant les Premi\u00e8re et Seconde Guerres mondiales, explorez notre section Lectures compl\u00e9mentaires<\/a> ou visitez le site Web du Centre Juno Beach<\/a>.<\/i><\/b><\/p> Si vous enseignez, assurez-vous de consulter les\u00a0<\/i><\/b>plans de le\u00e7on<\/a> pour vous guider dans votre utilisation de cette exposition virtuelle.<\/i><\/b><\/p>","en.content":" To learn more about Canadian stories during the First and Second World Wars, explore our Further Reading<\/a> section or visit the Juno Beach Centre<\/a> website. <\/b><\/i><\/p>CREATING A MEMORIAL<\/b><\/h2>\r\n
\r\nUN P\u00c8LERINAGE CANADIEN<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nA CANADIAN PILGRIMAGE\r\n<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nCOMMEMORATING AT HOME<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nCOMM\u00c9MORATION AU PAYS\r\n<\/b><\/h2>
\r\n
<\/p>","seo_title":"The Vimy Memorial and Pilgrimage","seo_description":"The First World War had been an entirely new kind of war, and that called for a new kind of commemoration."},"fr":{"title":"M\u00e9morial et p\u00e8lerinage de Vimy","slug":"memorial-et-pelerinage-de-vimy","heading":"LE 26 JUILLET 1936","quote":"\u00ab Retourner en France... nous donne la sensation de fouler un sol sacr\u00e9 en songeant aux milliers d\u2019hommes qui gisent sous nos pieds... Nous ne pourrons jamais oublier ces vies h\u00e9ro\u00efques et le flot sans fin d\u2019histoires d\u2019actes de bravoure qui composent la saga de cette guerre. Les actes d\u2019h\u00e9ro\u00efsme repr\u00e9sentaient presque notre quotidien. \u00bb","quote_source":"Le lieutenant-colonel honoraire et r\u00e9v\u00e9rend C.C. Owen, lors de son discours \u00e0 l'inauguration du M\u00e9morial de Vimy en juillet 1936","sources":"","seo_title":"","seo_description":""}},"media":{"thumbnail":["063d7aab-1202-4134-981e-2d25569387d7"],"feature":["8999cbcd-1f2d-41af-8d28-d86dd2deed38"]}},"0460d27e-debc-4f91-aae4-14bd39432ac2":{"id":"0460d27e-debc-4f91-aae4-14bd39432ac2","timeline_date":"1914-08-04 00:00:00","type":"event","title":"The Great War Begins","slug":"great-war-begins","heading":"4 August 1914","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":"
<\/p>","seo_title":"The Great War Begins","seo_description":"In 1914 Canada was a confident young country boasting a rapidly growing population of 8 million people, about 28 percent of whom were of French ethnic origin.","modules":[{"template":"artifact-feature","classes":"","position":1,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifact":["f6bfc5ca-89ff-4918-86eb-237bb9c68782"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":2,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":"En 1914, le Canada \u00e9tait un pays jeune et confiant, dot\u00e9 d\u2019une population en pleine croissance de huit millions d\u2019habitants dont environ 28 % \u00e9taient d\u2019ascendance fran\u00e7aise. Frapp\u00e9e par un ralentissement \u00e9conomique, la d\u00e9cennie pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente avait n\u00e9anmoins \u00e9t\u00e9 marqu\u00e9e par un boom in\u00e9gal\u00e9, une industrialisation et une urbanisation croissantes, l\u2019\u00e9mergence d\u2019une \u00e9conomie fond\u00e9e sur le commerce, florissante \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle nord-am\u00e9ricaine et outre-mer, une immigration massive en provenance de la Grande-Bretagne et de l\u2019Europe continentale, ainsi qu\u2019une politique ambitieuse de d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019infrastructure. Sur le plan int\u00e9rieur, le Canada \u00e9tait un pays souverain, mais sans statut international officiel et, sur le plan constitutionnel, il demeurait une colonie britannique. Bon nombre de Canadiens, peut-\u00eatre la majorit\u00e9 de ceux d\u2019ascendance britannique, ressentaient fiert\u00e9 et satisfaction \u00e0 l\u2019id\u00e9e de faire partie de l\u2019Empire britannique, envers lequel ils restaient profond\u00e9ment loyaux. \r\n\t\r\n
<\/p>","seo_title":"The Great War Begins","seo_description":"In 1914 Canada was a confident young country boasting a rapidly growing population of 8 million people, about 28 percent of whom were of French ethnic origin."},"fr":{"title":"La Grande Guerre commence","slug":"grande-guerre-commence","heading":"Le 4 ao\u00fbt 1914","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":"","seo_title":"","seo_description":""}},"media":{"thumbnail":["213545d9-eff8-4d6d-9362-02b4b3b4fab2"],"feature":["bd4aad34-d104-407c-bcdb-dd34e2f2c984"]}},"05f8dc06-34b0-4146-b712-f05c42b48adf":{"id":"05f8dc06-34b0-4146-b712-f05c42b48adf","timeline_date":"1939-09-10 00:00:00","type":"event","title":"Canada Declares War","slug":"canada-declares-war","heading":"10 September 1939","quote":"\"If you were to ask a Canadian, 'Do you have to go to war because England does?' he'd answer at once, 'Oh no.' If you then said, 'Would you go to war if England does?' he'd answer, 'Oh, yes.' And if you asked, 'Why?' he would say, reflectively, 'Well, you see, we'd have to.'","quote_source":"Stephen Leacock in The Atlantic Monthly<\/em>, June 1939","sources":"
<\/p>","seo_title":"Canada Declares War","seo_description":"Britain's declaration of war against Germany on 3 September 1939 did not automatically commit Canada.","modules":[{"template":"text","classes":"","position":1,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":"La d\u00e9claration de guerre de la Grande-Bretagne contre l\u2019Allemagne le 3 septembre 1939 n\u2019a pas automatiquement engag\u00e9 le Canada, comme cela avait \u00e9t\u00e9 le cas en 1914, car le Statut de Westminster accordait au Canada une ind\u00e9pendance et une \u00e9galit\u00e9 de droit\r\n\t\u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle internationale. Mais on n\u2019a jamais vraiment dout\u00e9 de la r\u00e9ponse du Canada : le gouvernement et la population \u00e9taient largement unis dans leur appui \u00e0 la Grande-Bretagne et \u00e0 la France, peu importait la mesure dans laquelle l\u2019id\u00e9e d\u2019entrer\r\n\ten guerre une deuxi\u00e8me fois en une g\u00e9n\u00e9ration leur r\u00e9pugnait. \u00c0 la fin du mois d\u2019ao\u00fbt, des unit\u00e9s de milice canadiennes de tout le pays \u00e9taient appel\u00e9es \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger les principales infrastructures de transport, de communication et d\u2019\u00e9nergie; les forces\r\n\tr\u00e9guli\u00e8res de l\u2019arm\u00e9e, de la marine et de l\u2019aviation se pr\u00e9paraient \u00e0 partir. D\u00e8s le 7 septembre, les d\u00e9put\u00e9s d\u00e9battaient de la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9pauler la Grande-Bretagne. Outre l\u2019expression de quelques opinions dissidentes au cours du d\u00e9bat, aucun vote\r\n\tpar appel nominal n\u2019\u00e9tait n\u00e9cessaire; le Canada s\u2019appr\u00eatait \u00e0 entrer en guerre. Le 10 septembre, le roi George VI, \u00e0 titre de roi du Canada, d\u00e9clarait la guerre \u00e0 l\u2019Allemagne. Le Canada \u00e9tait alors le seul pays de l\u2019h\u00e9misph\u00e8re occidental \u00e0 partir en\r\n\tguerre contre l\u2019Allemagne.","en.content":"Britain's declaration of war against Germany on 3 September 1939 did not automatically commit Canada, as had been the case in 1914, since the Statute of Westminster had accorded Canada international independence and legal equality. But there was never\r\nserious doubt about Canada\u2019s response: the Government and people were broadly united in support of Britain and France, no matter how distasteful the idea of going to war for a second time in a generation. In late August Canadian militia units across the\r\ncountry were called out to protect key transportation, communication, and power infrastructures; regular army, naval, and air forces moved to a war footing. Beginning on 7 September, Members of Parliament debated the question of standing with Britain\r\nand entering the war. There were only a handful of dissenting voices during the debate and no recorded vote was necessary; Canada was going to war. On 10 September, King George VI, in his right as King of Canada, declared war on Germany. Canada was the\r\nonly nation in the Western Hemisphere to go to war against Germany at this time."},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":2,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["638178bc-fc72-4230-8b1a-c868671877b0","b0fd882c-5654-4189-b5c0-6431834e7557","349f9677-eb5d-4e63-95c2-375db4361202","09755bab-db70-4915-8b39-bed420bc5b6f"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":3,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":"
<\/p>","seo_title":"Canada Declares War","seo_description":"Britain's declaration of war against Germany on 3 September 1939 did not automatically commit Canada."},"fr":{"title":"Le Canada d\u00e9clare la guerre","slug":"le-canada-declare-la-guerre","heading":"Le 10 septembre 1939","quote":"\u00ab Si vous demandiez \u00e0 un Canadien : \u201cDevez-vous aller \u00e0 la guerre parce que l\u2019Angleterre le fait?\u201d, il r\u00e9pondrait aussit\u00f4t : \u201cOh non\u201d. \r\nSi vous lui demandiez plut\u00f4t : \u201cIriez-vous \u00e0 la guerre si l\u2019Angleterre le faisait?\u201d, il r\u00e9pondrait \u201cBien s\u00fbr\u201d. \r\nEt si vous lui demandiez pourquoi, il dirait apr\u00e8s r\u00e9flexion : \u201cEh bien, voyez-vous, il le faut.\u201d \u00bb","quote_source":"Stephen Leacock, The Atlantic Monthly<\/em> (juin 1939)","sources":"","seo_title":"","seo_description":""}},"media":{"feature":["1b9ef8bd-507e-4052-af9c-c74ea523d12f"],"thumbnail":["fe7c6359-89f1-4ad2-9fce-a3843c5f2a96"]}},"14f6370e-6462-4af2-9d08-cfba7d7b2abb":{"id":"14f6370e-6462-4af2-9d08-cfba7d7b2abb","timeline_date":"1915-01-01 00:00:00","type":"event","title":"Recruitment and Training","slug":"recruitment-training","heading":"Preparing for War","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":"","seo_title":"Recruitment and Training","seo_description":"The Canadian army barely exceeded 3,000 men, backed up by 70,000 partly trained militiamen, and the Government had to call on volunteers to fill out the ranks.","modules":[{"template":"text","classes":"","position":1,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":"L\u2019arm\u00e9e r\u00e9guli\u00e8re canadienne compte alors \u00e0 peine\r\nplus de 3 000 hommes, auxquels s\u2019ajoutent 70 000 miliciens\r\n\u00e0 temps partiel, si bien que le gouvernement est oblig\u00e9 de demander des\r\nvolontaires pr\u00eats \u00e0 combler les rangs du corps exp\u00e9ditionnaire qu\u2019il se propose\r\nde former. La conscription, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire le service militaire obligatoire, n\u2019est\r\npas envisag\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque, mais le gouvernement Borden aurait pu l\u2019imposer en\r\ntout temps en vertu des dispositions de la Loi sur les mesures de guerre<\/i>. Ce n\u2019est pas l\u2019enthousiasme qui manque parmi les Canadiens d\u2019origine britannique, en particulier ceux n\u00e9s\r\n\ten Grande-Bretagne. En proie \u00e0 une r\u00e9cession \u00e9conomique, l\u2019Ontario et l\u2019Ouest canadien envoient, en proportion, un nombre particuli\u00e8rement \u00e9lev\u00e9 d\u2019hommes, tout comme les r\u00e9gions urbaines en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral.","en.content":"The Canadian regular army barely exceeded 3,000 men, supported by 70,000 partially trained militiamen, so the Government was obliged to call on volunteers to fill out the ranks of the proposed expeditionary force. Compulsory military service, or conscription, was not contemplated at this time although the Borden Government could have proceeded with such a policy at any time under the provisions of the War Measures Act. Enthusiasm was not lacking among Canadians of British origin, especially those born in Britain. Ontario and western Canada, in the throes of economic recession, provided disproportionately large numbers of men, as did urban areas in general."},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":2,"background":"transparent","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["a844c426-be1f-465d-af7a-7dc2b085104f","84ed515d-3f26-4e0d-8525-bbdb73df4b13","17e7414c-8c4a-4a84-aeec-1c2832aef9b2","2b07c636-ddc4-4f04-9f1d-3a478042666f","8abf9961-f7c7-4645-a19a-c327f830b458"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":3,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":"On \u00e9rige \u00e0 la h\u00e2te un camp \u00e0 Valcartier, au\r\nQu\u00e9bec, pour organiser le contingent, remettre aux volontaires leur \u00e9quipement\r\net leur dispenser un entra\u00eenement de base. Au pays, personne n\u2019avait pr\u00e9par\u00e9\r\nune force d\u2019une telle ampleur auparavant, et le ministre de la Milice et de la\r\nD\u00e9fense, le colonel Sam Hughes, d\u00e9cide de r\u00e9organiser dans un climat de\r\nconfusion le plan de mobilisation \u00e9tabli avant la guerre. Il \u00e9met une s\u00e9rie de\r\ndirectives qui ne font qu\u2019ajouter au chaos \u00e0 peine ma\u00eetris\u00e9 qui r\u00e8gne. Quoi qu\u2019il\r\nen soit, le 3\u00a0octobre, pr\u00e8s de 33\u00a0000\u00a0hommes n\u2019ayant re\u00e7u qu\u2019un\r\nentra\u00eenement et un \u00e9quipement partiels, ainsi que plusieurs milliers de chevaux\r\nquittent Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 destination de la Grande-Bretagne. Les deux tiers environ de\r\nces hommes \u00e9taient britanniques de naissance, marquant ainsi une tendance dans\r\nle recrutement qui allait durer jusqu\u2019en 1916. Le 15\u00a0octobre, les troupes\r\nd\u00e9barquent \u00e0 Plymouth, o\u00f9 elles re\u00e7oivent un accueil chaleureux, puis se\r\ndirigent vers la plaine de Salisbury. C\u2019est l\u00e0 qu\u2019elles suivront un\r\nentra\u00eenement pouss\u00e9 pendant plusieurs mois avant d\u2019\u00eatre d\u00e9ploy\u00e9es sur le\r\ncontinent.","en.content":"A camp was hastily established at Valcartier, Quebec to organize the contingent, outfit the volunteers, and offer basic training. Experience of preparing such a large force was lacking in the country and the Minister of Militia and Defence, Colonel Sam Hughes, confusingly reorganized the prewar mobilization plan and issued a number of directives which only added to the barely controlled chaos. Remarkably, on 3 October 1914, nearly 33,000 partially trained and equipped men plus several thousand horses set out from Quebec City for Britain. About two-thirds of these men were British-born, establishing a recruitment pattern that would last into 1916. They landed in Plymouth on 15 October to a rousing reception and headed for Salisbury Plain, where they would undergo several months of advanced training prior to being deployed to the continent."},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":5,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["eba5a5f4-fbf7-492b-b22f-29e8b0e713d4"]}},{"template":"artifact-feature","classes":"","position":6,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifact":["7c533a52-059e-4de2-9d6f-8c67a48eb123"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":7,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":"
<\/p>","en.content":"The Canadian First Contingent arrived in Britain in October 1914 and spent the autumn and the early winter of 1915 in very rainy weather on Salisbury Plain in southern England. They were introduced to the rigours of training for modern war in preparation for their dispatch to the Western Front. By this time, the opposing forces there had settled into a stalemate, each side having dug a series of increasingly intricate trench lines stretching for some 600 kilometres from the English Channel coast of Belgium all the way to Switzerland. In these trenches and underground dugouts the men found protection from the artillery, machine-gun, and sniper fire raking their positions. The trench lines were themselves protected by deep belts of barbed wire."},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-feature","classes":"","position":9,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifact":["55f39ad5-474b-4989-907a-2ae666e4c493"]}}],"translations":{"en":{"title":"Recruitment and Training","slug":"recruitment-training","heading":"Preparing for War","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":"","seo_title":"Recruitment and Training","seo_description":"The Canadian army barely exceeded 3,000 men, backed up by 70,000 partly trained militiamen, and the Government had to call on volunteers to fill out the ranks."},"fr":{"title":"Recrutement et entra\u00eenement","slug":"recrutement-et-entrainement","heading":"Pr\u00e9paratifs de guerre","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":"","seo_title":"","seo_description":""}},"media":{"feature":["373f851e-1192-454b-a6aa-903ebcee38ba"],"thumbnail":["eaf1ade2-5b22-4e74-a2f5-530fa611aa96"]}},"32dfca9a-cd89-4364-a831-0c4548401659":{"id":"32dfca9a-cd89-4364-a831-0c4548401659","timeline_date":"1919-01-02 00:00:00","type":"narrative","title":"The Bundy Family","slug":"bundy","heading":"William Henry Bundy and Allan Bundy","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":"
","seo_title":"The Bundy Family","seo_description":"William Bundy was born in Halifax, NS, on 7 March 1885. After finishing school, he moved to Amherst, where he worked as a moulder on construction jobs.","modules":[{"template":"text","classes":"","position":1,"background":"transparent","meta":{"en.content":"WILLIAM BUNDY\r\n<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nWILLIAM BUNDY<\/b><\/h2>\r\n
\r\nALLAN BUNDY<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nALLAN BUNDY\r\n<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nAPR\u00c8S LA GUERRE<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nLIFE AFTER WAR\r\n<\/b><\/h2>
\r\n
","seo_title":"The Bundy Family","seo_description":"William Bundy was born in Halifax, NS, on 7 March 1885. After finishing school, he moved to Amherst, where he worked as a moulder on construction jobs."},"fr":{"title":"La famille Bundy","slug":"la-famille-bundy","heading":"William Henry Bundy et Allan Bundy","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":"","seo_title":"La famille Bundy","seo_description":"Williams Bundy est n\u00e9 \u00e0 Halifax, en Nouvelle-\u00c9cosse, le 7 mars 1885. Apr\u00e8s avoir termin\u00e9 l\u2019\u00e9cole, il a quitt\u00e9 Halifax et a d\u00e9m\u00e9nag\u00e9 \u00e0 Amherst"}},"media":{"thumbnail":["3efcb028-6180-43ec-8fe3-1557adb3f9fb"],"feature":["6cb91ef2-450c-40fa-b156-a368ec57a21b"]}},"3aac822e-7f18-4d0b-95e6-9475168da98c":{"id":"3aac822e-7f18-4d0b-95e6-9475168da98c","timeline_date":"1915-11-15 00:00:00","type":"narrative","title":"John Archibald MacNaughton","slug":"archie-macnaughton","heading":"\"Archie\"","quote":"\"I am awful glad I was in it. No matter how things go...\"","quote_source":"Archie to his wife Grace, in a letter dated 4 June 1944","sources":"","seo_title":"John Archibald MacNaughton","seo_description":"John Archibald MacNaughton was born in Black River Bridge, New Brunswick in October 1896. He had two sisters, Katie and Annie.","modules":[{"template":"text","classes":"","position":1,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":"
\r\n<\/p>\r\n
\r\n<\/p>"},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":2,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["92bf33b5-a4d3-4646-89b2-3df6a4d58a22","760f183c-c59f-451c-85f3-391056cff858","46d5bfc1-d59a-4e64-b4c0-fdce80eabb6b","e58184f8-f9a9-47cd-80ea-fd72d19049b5"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":4,"background":"transparent","meta":{"en.content":"He returned home to Black River Bridge, where he would marry Grace, raise two children (Francis and Margie), and farm his own land. Archie was an active member of his community, and well-loved by all who knew him. He taught Sunday School and was a devout Christian. Archie attended annual summer training camps with the North Shore (New Brunswick) Regiment, rising in the ranks and esteem of his men.","fr.content":"
<\/p>"},"media":{"background":["25323355-e57c-4f5c-aecb-31a53d679ed4"]}},{"template":"artifact-blocks","classes":"","position":5,"background":"transparent","meta":[],"media":{"artifacts":["1687daa8-21d6-4a43-99d9-71b68678e2bd","defdeaed-479e-42b9-a7e7-2faed6198300","25323355-e57c-4f5c-aecb-31a53d679ed4"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":6,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":"
<\/p>","en.content":"
<\/p>","en.content":"On D-Day, 6 June 1944, the North Shores assaulted Juno Beach at the seaside village of St. Aubin-sur-Mer. Historian Marc Milner has referred to MacNaughton\u2019s 'A' Company as the \u201cpremier assault company in the whole 3rd Division.\u201d And they lived up to their billing, thanks to Archie\u2019s meticulous training, fearless leadership, and the men\u2019s personal bravery. 'A' Company suffered 50 casualties that day. Despite being shot through the hand during the initial landings, Archie pushed on with his men beyond the village. One North Shore officer recalled that after Archie\u2019s men had so successfully proven themselves, Archie was \u201call smiles.\u201d The North Shores encountered unexpected German resistance in the nearby village of Tailleville. Of the nearly 800 men of the regiment who landed that day, 125 became casualties, including 34 killed. The only North Shore officer to lose his life was Major John Archibald MacNaughton, killed by German machine-gun fire at Tailleville."},"media":[]},{"template":"artifact-gallery","classes":"","position":16,"background":"transparent","meta":{"background-position":""},"media":{"artifacts":["1a9affd3-df73-4d82-b229-2967da1c3358","b4a47b85-e159-4592-b6c0-4328e4ac8241","30486cb1-cb4a-4005-a2cd-941541248ecf","f950bbfb-9069-4f07-88f4-bf49bc37e1e4"]}},{"template":"text","classes":"","position":17,"background":"transparent","meta":{"en.content":"
","seo_title":"Indigenous Involvement in the World Wars","seo_description":"Indigenous involvement in the World Wars has often been overlooked in Canadian history.","modules":[{"template":"text","classes":"","position":1,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":"La participation des Autochtones aux guerres mondiales est un volet de l\u2019histoire du Canada souvent m\u00e9connu. \u00c0 bien des \u00e9gards, cela est d\u00fb au fait qu\u2019il n\u2019y avait pas d\u2019unit\u00e9s compos\u00e9es exclusivement de membres des Premi\u00e8res Nations, si bien que leurs\r\n\tcontributions se sont fondues dans le r\u00e9cit collectif des non-Autochtones. Quoi qu\u2019il en soit, cette omission constitue un manque de respect envers ces hommes et ces femmes qui ont servi, d'autant plus qu\u2019ils l\u2019ont fait \u00e0 une \u00e9poque o\u00f9 ils n\u2019\u00e9taient pas consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme des citoyens canadiens (statut qui leur a \u00e9t\u00e9 accord\u00e9 en 1960 seulement) et que s\u2019enr\u00f4ler durant la Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale signifiait dans bien des cas la perte de droits issus de trait\u00e9s et relatifs au statut\r\n\td\u2019Indien. Qui plus est, \u00e0 leur retour au pays, les v\u00e9t\u00e9rans tombaient sous la coupe d\u2019un agent des Indiens et, apr\u00e8s la Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale, ils n\u2019ont re\u00e7u aucune indemnit\u00e9; apr\u00e8s la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les indemnit\u00e9s touch\u00e9es, le cas \u00e9ch\u00e9ant,\r\n\t\u00e9taient inf\u00e9rieures \u00e0 celles des anciens combattants non autochtones. De fait, dans l\u2019apr\u00e8s-guerre, de nombreuses collectivit\u00e9s des Premi\u00e8res Nations ont perdu des ressources au profit des v\u00e9t\u00e9rans non autochtones, \u00e0 qui le gouvernement avait promis\r\n\tdes terres. En 1919, la Commission d\u2019\u00e9tablissement des soldats [traduction] \u00ab a acquis plus de 85 000 acres de terres de r\u00e9serve dans l\u2019Ouest canadien afin que des soldats non autochtones puissent s\u2019y \u00e9tablir \u00bb. Tout cela pendant que les Autochtones\r\n\tdevaient continuer de se battre pour leur autonomie et le droit de s\u2019autogouverner.","en.content":"
","seo_title":"Indigenous Involvement in the World Wars","seo_description":"Indigenous involvement in the World Wars has often been overlooked in Canadian history."},"fr":{"title":"La participation des Autochtones aux guerres mondiales","slug":"la-participation-des-autochtones-aux-guerre-mondiales","heading":"Une contribution disproportionn\u00e9e","quote":"\u00ab Lorsque j\u2019ai servi \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, j\u2019\u00e9tais un Canadien. Quand je suis revenu au pays, j\u2019\u00e9tais un Indien. \u00bb","quote_source":"Ancien combattant autochtone cit\u00e9 dans \u00ab We Shall Remember: Canadian Indians and World War II \u00bb, dissertation de Janet Frances Davison (en anglais), Universit\u00e9 Trent, 1993, p. 85","sources":"","seo_title":"La participation des autochtones aux guerre mondiales","seo_description":"La participation des Autochtones aux guerres mondiales est un volet de l\u2019histoire du Canada souvent n\u00e9glig\u00e9."}},"media":{"thumbnail":["513d6cfa-dd92-4291-8b54-7ac708a32fb2"],"feature":["7d8cfdcd-7127-4b92-80dd-110e68c4d2bc"]}},"512e4360-b11d-439e-a866-a4bf0c27c0e6":{"id":"512e4360-b11d-439e-a866-a4bf0c27c0e6","timeline_date":"1944-06-06 00:00:00","type":"event","title":"Juno Beach: Canada at D-Day","slug":"Juno-beach","heading":"6 June 1944","quote":"\"We have received word that Canadian troops were among the allied forces who landed this morning on the northern coast of France. Canadians will be proud to learn that our troops are being supported by units of the Royal Canadian Navy and Royal Canadian Air Force... Let the hearts of all in Canada today be filled with silent prayer for the success of our own and allied forces and for the early liberation of the peoples of Europe.\"","quote_source":"Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, 8:00AM national radio broadcast, 6 June 1944.","sources":"","seo_title":"Juno Beach: Canada at D-Day","seo_description":"After German defeat and occupation of France in 1940, the Allies began a plan to liberate West Europe through an assault launched from southern England.","modules":[{"template":"text","classes":"","position":1,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":"PR\u00c9PARATION DE L\u2019ASSAUT<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nPREPARING FOR THE ASSAULT\r\n<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nLANDING ON JUNO\r\n<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nLE D\u00c9BARQUEMENT \u00c0 JUNO<\/b><\/h2>
\r\n
","seo_title":"","seo_description":""}},"media":{"feature":["3c9663e0-23b3-4d13-bea3-b3338dd7c014"],"thumbnail":["a1434c9a-cad9-4534-bfcc-5facd4f3a02b"]}},"5e26e57c-df04-4974-acf4-5b8bae97c4f1":{"id":"5e26e57c-df04-4974-acf4-5b8bae97c4f1","timeline_date":"1917-11-01 00:00:00","type":"event","title":"The Canadian Home Front","slug":"canadian-home-front","heading":"Life at War, 1914-1918","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":"","seo_title":"The Canadian Home Front","seo_description":"Canada\u2019s population at the start of the First World War was barely 8 million.","modules":[{"template":"text","classes":"","position":1,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":"
\r\nLA CONSCRIPTION<\/b><\/h2>\r\n
\r\n
\r\nAPPUI CANADIEN \u00c0 LA PARTICIPATION \u00c0 LA GUERRE<\/b><\/h2>\r\n
\r\n
\r\nCONSCRIPTION<\/b><\/h2>\r\n
\r\n
\r\nCANADIAN SUPPORT FOR THE WAR<\/b><\/h2>\r\n
\r\nL\u2019INDUSTRIE DE LA GUERRE<\/b><\/h2>
\r\n
\r\nLE TRAITEMENT DES \u00ab SUJETS D\u2019UN PAYS ENNEMI \u00bb<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nWAR INDUSTRY\r\n<\/b><\/h2>
\r\n
\r\nTREATMENT OF \"ENEMY-ALIENS\"<\/b><\/h2>
\r\n
","seo_title":"Stories of Acadian Service","seo_description":"Born in Aldouane, Kent County, New Brunswick, Antoine \u2018Gaspard\u2019 Chavarie was 22 years old when he was drafted under the Military Service Act in May 1918.","modules":[{"template":"text","classes":"","position":1,"background":"transparent","meta":{"en.content":"ANTOINE CHAVARIE AND\r\nFAMILY\r\n<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nANTOINE CHAVARIE ET SA FAMILLE<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nREV. RONALD CAMERON MACGILLIVRAY\r\n<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nLE R\u00c9V\u00c9REND RONALD CAMERON MACGILLIVRAY<\/b><\/h2>
\r\n
","seo_title":"Stories of Acadian Service","seo_description":"Born in Aldouane, Kent County, New Brunswick, Antoine \u2018Gaspard\u2019 Chavarie was 22 years old when he was drafted under the Military Service Act in May 1918."},"fr":{"title":"Histoires de service d'Acadiens","slug":"acadian-service-fr","heading":"Les familles Chavarie et MacGillivray","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":"","seo_title":"Histoires de service d'Acadiens","seo_description":"N\u00e9 \u00e0 Aldouane dans le comt\u00e9 de Kent, au Nouveau-Brunswick, Antoine \u00ab Gaspard \u00bb Chavarie avait 22 ans lorsqu\u2019il a \u00e9t\u00e9 conscrit"}},"media":{"feature":["33e46c0f-c321-4bfb-b3cc-6de1e1d871e0"],"thumbnail":["7b16b7c6-2997-4461-a3ab-9251cd25bba5"]}},"6e32be59-22f5-44a2-a922-db96bf69b275":{"id":"6e32be59-22f5-44a2-a922-db96bf69b275","timeline_date":"1942-02-18 00:00:00","type":"narrative","title":"Conscientious Objectors","slug":"conscientious-objectors","heading":"\"Conchie\": Alternative Service","quote":"War is wrong. Killing is wrong. We will not participate in war.","quote_source":"David Wiens, Conscientious Objector in the Second World War","sources":"
","seo_title":"Conscientious Objectors","seo_description":"In both the First and Second World Wars, young men from across Canada were expected to serve in the military and to fight overseas.","modules":[{"template":"text","classes":"","position":1,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":"QU\u2019EST-CE QU\u2019UN \u00ab OBJECTEUR \u00bb ?<\/b><\/h2>
\r\n
\r\nPREMI\u00c8RE GUERRE MONDIALE<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nWHAT IS A \"CONCHIE\"?\r\n<\/b><\/h2>
\r\n
\r\nFIRST WORLD WAR<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nSECONDE GUERRE MONDIALE<\/b><\/h2>
\r\n
\r\n<\/div>","en.content":"SECOND WORLD WAR\r\n<\/b><\/h2>
\r\n
","seo_title":"Conscientious Objectors","seo_description":"In both the First and Second World Wars, young men from across Canada were expected to serve in the military and to fight overseas."},"fr":{"title":"Objecteurs de conscience","slug":"objecteurs-de-conscience","heading":"\u00ab Conchie \u00bb : service militaire de remplacement","quote":"\u00ab La guerre est mauvaise. Tuer est mal. Nous ne participerons pas \u00e0 la guerre. \u00bb","quote_source":"David Wiens, objecteur de conscience durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale","sources":"","seo_title":"Objecteurs de conscience","seo_description":"Tant dans la Premi\u00e8re que dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale, on attendait des jeunes hommes de toutes les r\u00e9gions du Canada qu\u2019ils servent dans l\u2019arm\u00e9e"}},"media":{"feature":["1f9b68a5-07fb-4d09-8bc2-9051744a0d27"],"thumbnail":["78cc3aa0-2008-434d-bf62-e70d52f2646e"]}},"72abba9d-6ec7-4363-87b4-8de254b814e7":{"id":"72abba9d-6ec7-4363-87b4-8de254b814e7","timeline_date":"1916-07-01 00:00:00","type":"event","title":"The Somme Offensive","slug":"somme-offensive","heading":"1 July to 18 November 1916","quote":"\"While I write, the din outside is a veritable hell of sound. Shells are bursting everywhere and our great masses of Canadian artillery are adding their deep bass to the terrible anthem.\"","quote_source":"War Diary of George Hedley Kempling","sources":"
","seo_title":"The Somme Offensive","seo_description":"In 1916 Allied commanders planned a massive offensive in the west in conjunction with offensives on the Russian and Italian fronts.","modules":[{"template":"text","classes":"","position":1,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":"
","seo_title":"The Somme Offensive","seo_description":"In 1916 Allied commanders planned a massive offensive in the west in conjunction with offensives on the Russian and Italian fronts."},"fr":{"title":"L\u2019offensive de la Somme","slug":"l-offensive-de-la-somme","heading":"DU 1er JUILLET AU 18 NOVEMBRE 1916","quote":"\u00ab Tandis que j\u2019\u00e9cris ces mots, le tapage \u00e0 l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur est un v\u00e9ritable enfer sonore. Les obus \u00e9clatent partout et nos innombrables pi\u00e8ces d\u2019artillerie canadiennes ajoutent leur basse profonde \u00e0 cet hymne terrible. \u00bb","quote_source":"Journal de guerre de George Hedley Kempling","sources":"","seo_title":"","seo_description":""}},"media":{"feature":["cdc6f040-d1cb-482f-b6ee-0179885974f3"],"thumbnail":["d37b6816-dfe2-4a95-83b2-471353571818"]}},"7651ecfd-7723-4a23-8be8-158aa5419069":{"id":"7651ecfd-7723-4a23-8be8-158aa5419069","timeline_date":"1943-07-10 00:00:00","type":"event","title":"The Invasion of Sicily and the Italian Campaign","slug":"invasion-of-sicily-italian-campaign","heading":"10 July 1943 - February 1945","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":"","seo_title":"The Invasion of Sicily and the Italian Campaign","seo_description":"By May 1943, the Allies had defeated the Germans and Italians in North Africa.","modules":[{"template":"text","classes":"","position":1,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":"OP\u00c9RATION HUSKY : L\u2019INVASION DE LA SICILE<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nOPERATION HUSKY: THE INVASION OF SICILY\r\n<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nCOMBAT EN ITALIE CONTINENTALE<\/b> <\/h2>
\r\nFIGHTING ON THE ITALIAN MAINLAND\r\n<\/b><\/h2>
\r\n
","seo_title":"Helen Josephine Enright","seo_description":"Helen \u201cNellie\u201d Josephine Enright was born in Ottawa on 14 September 1882 to John Enright, a tinsmith, and his wife Alice.","modules":[{"template":"text","classes":"","position":1,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":"
\r\nSERVICE LORS DE LA PREMI\u00c8RE GUERRE MONDIALE<\/b><\/h2>\r\n
\r\n
\r\n\r\n\tFIRST WORLD WAR SERVICE\r\n<\/b><\/h2>\r\n
\r\nSERVICE LORS DE LA SECONDE GUERRE MONDIALE<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nSECOND WORLD WAR SERVICE\r\n<\/b><\/h2>
\r\n
","seo_title":"Helen Josephine Enright","seo_description":"Helen \u201cNellie\u201d Josephine Enright was born in Ottawa on 14 September 1882 to John Enright, a tinsmith, and his wife Alice."},"fr":{"title":"Helen Josephine Enright","slug":"helen-josephine-enright","heading":"\u00ab Nellie \u00bb : Une infirmi\u00e8re dans deux guerres","quote":"\u00ab [Je suis] pr\u00eate \u00e0 partir n\u2019importe quand\u2026 \u00bb","quote_source":"Helen (Nellie) Josephine Enright, 28 octobre 1914","sources":"","seo_title":"Helen Josephine Enright","seo_description":"Helen \u00ab Nellie \u00bb Josephine Enright est n\u00e9e \u00e0 Ottawa le 14 septembre 1882, fille de John Enright, ferblantier, et de son \u00e9pouse Alice."}},"media":{"feature":["07abeacd-fe2f-4c3b-9acc-0da76d36fba4"],"thumbnail":["c116e737-6f99-4a57-9c09-d685a369afc1"]}},"8977247f-1423-41eb-971d-fe54200a3108":{"id":"8977247f-1423-41eb-971d-fe54200a3108","timeline_date":"1944-07-09 00:00:00","type":"event","title":"The Normandy Campaign","slug":"normandy-campaign","heading":"June - August 1944","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":"","seo_title":"The Normandy Campaign","seo_description":"The Normandy Campaign was the beginning of the Allied liberation of Western Europe.","modules":[{"template":"text","classes":"","position":1,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":"
<\/p>","seo_title":"Demobilizing and Recivilizing","seo_description":"After the fighting was over, it would still be many months before the first Canadians came home.","modules":[{"template":"text","classes":"","position":1,"background":"transparent","meta":{"en.content":"
\r\n<\/p>","fr.content":"
<\/p>","seo_title":"Demobilizing and Recivilizing","seo_description":"After the fighting was over, it would still be many months before the first Canadians came home."},"fr":{"title":"D\u00e9mobilisation et retour \u00e0 la vie civile","slug":"demobilisation-et-retour-a-la-vie-civile","heading":"LA VIE APR\u00c8S LA GUERRE","quote":"\u00ab Je me suis plong\u00e9 dans d\u2019intenses r\u00e9flexions ces derniers temps sur ce que je ferai \u00e0 mon retour et je me demande si je trouverai du travail peu apr\u00e8s mon arriv\u00e9e... J\u2019ai du mal \u00e0 croire que nous rentrions tous \u00e0 la maison et il me semble n\u2019avoir jamais rien \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019autre que soldat dans ma vie. \u00bb","quote_source":"-\tGordon Alexander DeGear, artillerie de campagne canadienne, lettre \u00e0 sa m\u00e8re, 18 novembre 1918","sources":"","seo_title":"","seo_description":""}},"media":{"feature":["4b247825-ea08-451c-b40d-485ff674694b"],"thumbnail":["9fe1e39b-72e5-416c-a391-1eb7c815921a"]}},"a77ddab7-cbae-4adf-a912-7b7308cd8d1d":{"id":"a77ddab7-cbae-4adf-a912-7b7308cd8d1d","timeline_date":"1942-03-22 00:00:00","type":"narrative","title":"Masumi Mitsui","slug":"mitsui","heading":"Decorated and Interned","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":"
","seo_title":"Masumi Mitsui","seo_description":"Masumi Mitsui was born on in Tokyo on 7 October 1887. His father was a naval officer who encouraged Masumi to join the Japanese military.","modules":[{"template":"text","classes":"","position":1,"background":"transparent","meta":{"en.content":"COMING TO CANADA<\/b><\/h2>
\r\n
\r\nBRAVERY IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nARRIV\u00c9E AU CANADA<\/b><\/h2>
\r\n
\r\nBRAVOURE AU COURS DE LA PREMI\u00c8RE GUERRE MONDIALE<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nINTERN\u00c9 AU COURS DE LA SECONDE GUERRE MONDIALE<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nINTERNED IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR\r\n<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nA COMPLICATED LEGACY\r\n<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nUN H\u00c9RITAGE COMPLEXE<\/b><\/h2>
\r\n
","seo_title":"Masumi Mitsui","seo_description":"Masumi Mitsui was born on in Tokyo on 7 October 1887. His father was a naval officer who encouraged Masumi to join the Japanese military."},"fr":{"title":"Masumi Mitsui","slug":"masumi-mitsui","heading":"D\u00e9cor\u00e9 et intern\u00e9","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":"","seo_title":"Masumi Mitsui","seo_description":"Masumi Mitsui est n\u00e9 \u00e0 Tokyo le 7 octobre 1887. Son p\u00e8re \u00e9tait officier de la marine et l\u2019a encourag\u00e9 \u00e0 se joindre \u00e0 l\u2019arm\u00e9e japonaise."}},"media":{"thumbnail":["04ab29fb-ec71-4f1e-b593-0d1236cab662"],"feature":["3db7809f-f98f-47f1-9f55-6fe80ea787c3"]}},"ab016ae2-610e-4939-86d3-65a75f3c888f":{"id":"ab016ae2-610e-4939-86d3-65a75f3c888f","timeline_date":"1929-10-29 00:00:00","type":"event","title":"Canada Between Two Wars","slug":"canada-between-two-wars","heading":"1918-1939","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":"
<\/p>","seo_title":"Canada Between Two Wars","seo_description":"The First World War had been a trying time for Canada. In a population of barely eight million, more than 60,000 Canadians had perished while on active service.","modules":[{"template":"text","classes":"","position":1,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":"LES TROUBLES SOCIAUX ET LA GRANDE D\u00c9PRESSION<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nSOCIAL UNREST AND THE GREAT DEPRESSION\r\n<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nINTERNATIONAL POLITICAL PROGRESSION\r\n<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nPROGR\u00c8S DE LA POLITIQUE \u00c9TRANG\u00c8RE<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nTHE \"WAR TO END ALL WARS\"?\r\n<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nLA GUERRE QUI DEVAIT METTRE FIN \u00c0 TOUTES LES GUERRES?<\/b><\/h2>
\r\n
<\/p>","seo_title":"Canada Between Two Wars","seo_description":"The First World War had been a trying time for Canada. In a population of barely eight million, more than 60,000 Canadians had perished while on active service."},"fr":{"title":"Le Canada entre deux guerres","slug":"le-canada-entre-deux-guerres","heading":"1918-1939","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":"","seo_title":"","seo_description":""}},"media":{"feature":["defd9f20-0ae1-486b-9fe3-90d75a167913"],"thumbnail":["e5264d65-c0cf-4134-9a76-a11c8e2cfa16"]}},"afa98cad-4806-4307-9188-41e1f7ae482b":{"id":"afa98cad-4806-4307-9188-41e1f7ae482b","timeline_date":"1945-05-08 00:00:00","type":"event","title":"Liberation and Victory","slug":"liberation-victory","heading":"Victory in Europe: 8 May 1945","quote":"","quote_source":"","sources":"","seo_title":"Liberation and Victory","seo_description":"The Allied victory in 1945 was the result of a series of costly final attacks on Germany.","modules":[{"template":"text","classes":"","position":1,"background":"transparent","meta":{"fr.content":"LIB\u00c9RATION<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nLIBERATION\r\n<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nVICTOIRE EN EUROPE<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nVICTORY IN EUROPE<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nC\u00c9L\u00c9BRATIONS DE LA VICTOIRE SUR LE FRONT INT\u00c9RIEUR<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nVICTORY ON THE HOMEFRONT\r\n<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nLA VICTOIRE SUR LE JAPON <\/b><\/h2>\r\n
\r\n
\r\nLE TRIBUT PAY\u00c9 \u00c0 LA GUERRE<\/b><\/h2>\r\n
\r\n
\r\nLE RETOUR AU PAYS<\/b><\/h2>
\r\nVICTORY IN THE EAST<\/b><\/h2>
\r\n
\r\nTHE COST OF WAR<\/b><\/h2>
\r\n
\r\nCOMING HOME<\/b><\/h2>
\r\n
<\/b><\/i><\/p>